Cost Control Techniques and SMEs Survival Rate in South-West, Nigeria
1 Abdul-Lateef Ibrahim, 2 Egbide Ben-Caleb, 3 Samuel Fakile, 4 Joseph Madugba, 5 Adenike Oladipo, 6 Jane Ben-Caleb
This present research explores the effect of cost control measures on the survival rate of Small and Medium-scale Enterprises (SMEs) in South-West Nigeria. SMEs are great drivers of economic development but face financial issues, bad cost control, and competition within the market. The research follows a quantitative method with close-ended questionnaires in gathering evidence from SMEs in Lagos State, whose response is analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results confirm that budgetary control, target costing, and cost-volume-profit analysis have an important part to play in the survival of SMEs but that standard costing has a negative influence on the survival of SMEs because it cannot change in the presence of a dynamic business environment. The research is interested in financial planning and cost management in rendering business viable. The research suggests the application of adaptive evidence-based cost management practices in ensuring efficient operations and long-term profitability. The findings are of paramount importance to policymakers, managers of small and medium enterprises, and financial institutions in fostering economic resilience.
A Study on Gangneung Danoje Festival Customs in the East Asian Context: With a Discussion on the Protection and Mutual Learning of Regional Cultural Heritage
Ci Wenbo
As a time-honored traditional cultural event in East Asia, the Dragon Boat Festival has developed diverse expressions across regions, with South Korea's Gangneung Danoje Festival (a UNESCO-listed intangible cultural heritage) and China's various Dragon Boat Festival customs as typical examples. This paper adopts the “East Asian context” as its analytical perspective to compare and interpret these two festive practices. It first sorts out their historical origins, core rituals and cultural connotations, clarifying differences in forms such as religious sacrifices versus folk customs and similarities in cultural essence like respect for nature and ancestor worship. Then, it explores their interactive relationships within the East Asian cultural circle, analyzing how geographical proximity and historical exchanges have shaped their shared cultural genes and regional characteristics. Finally, focusing on the protection and mutual learning of regional cultural heritage, the paper discusses challenges faced by East Asian traditional festival inheritance such as globalization impacts and homogenization risks, and proposes practical paths for cross-border cultural mutual learning including joint heritage declaration, academic exchange platforms and cultural creative product cooperation. The study aims to provide theoretical references for the sustainable protection of East Asian regional cultural heritage and promote in-depth exchanges and common development of traditional cultures in the region.
Synthesis of Manganese Nickel Ferrite Using Sol-Gel Method as Nano Fertilizer for Vigna Mungo Plant
1,2 G. Gowri Shanmugapriya; 1 S.Umamaheswari; 1 R. Rajikha; 1 S. Analisa; 2 C. Subramaniyan; 1 V. Sathana
The present study investigates the synthesis of manganese nickel ferrite (MnNiFe?O?) nanoparticles using the sol-gel method and their usage as a nanofertilizer for the Vigna mungo (black gram) plant. Manganese, iron, and nickel are basic micronutrients for plant growth, and their delivery in nano-form can improve nutrient uptake and crop yield. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to validate their spinel structure and nanoscale morphology. The magnetic properties were also examined, indicating soft magnetic behavior suitable for agricultural applications. Pot culture experiments were conducted to assess the physiological effects of the nanofertilizer on Vigna mungo. Results demonstrated improved plant growth and development compared to traditional fertilizers, highlighting the potential of MnNiFe?O? nanoparticles to increase agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. This research suggests that nanotechnology-based fertilizers can play a significant role in sustainable agriculture by improving nutrient efficiency and supporting healthy crop growth.
The Use of Linguistic Variables in Evaluating Key Performance Areas (KPAS) in Management Appraisal: A Fuzzy Set Method to Reduce Uncertainty and Ambiguity
Jayesh V. Karanjgaonkar
This paper addresses the inherent uncertainty and ambiguity that affect traditional managerial appraisal systems, especially in evaluating qualitative Key Performance Areas (KPAs) such as "leadership" or "strategic vision". Conventional methods, which rely on clear numerical scales (e.g., 1-5), fail to capture the linguistic and subjective aspects of human judgment, leading to biased, imprecise and often unfair assessments. We propose a new framework that integrates the concept of linguistic variables from fuzzy set theory to model these appraisal uncertainties systematically. The methodology involves defining fuzzy membership functions for linguistic appraisal terms (e.g., "Poor," "Good," "Excellent") and using fuzzy aggregation operators to combine feedback from multiple raters. A hypothetical case study shows how the model converts qualitative judgments into a measurable, robust score while maintaining the depth of linguistic assessment. The results suggest that this approach greatly reduces evaluative ambiguity, provides a more detailed and fairer view of managerial performance, and increases the developmental value of the appraisal process. This study contributes to both managerial decision-making and human resource management by offering a mathematically sound yet practical tool to improve this vital organizational process.
Labour Turnover and Organizational Performance: A Study of Alo Aluminum Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
1 Melletus Uchechukwu Agbo Ph.D; 2 Moses Sunday Okebaram Ph.D; 3 David Nnameka Okereke
This study examined the labour turnover and organizational performance with respect to Alo Aluminum Enugu state. Having analyzed the distributed 90 questionnaires to staff of Alo Aluminum Enugu state, descriptive survey approach was adopted and analyzed using regressions with the help of SPSS version 23.0. The study revealed that retrenchment significantly influences organizational growth. The study also found that employee training and development significantly influences organizational profitability. This finding implies that when employees are motivated through retrenchment and training/development, the rate of their turnover will reduce but when they are not motivated, high rate of labour turnover will be experienced. Therefore, in order to improve organizational performance, employees need to be motivated in order to reduce high rate of employee turnover, Employee pay dissatisfaction has significant effect on effectiveness of Alo Aluminum Enugu state, and Job insecurity has significant effect on performance of Alo Aluminum Enugu state. The study therefore concludes that there is a significant relationship between labour turnover and organizational performance of Alo Aluminum Enugu state. Based on the findings, the study recommends that: Employees’ salary should be increased regularly to reflect current economic realities in order to reduce the incidence of labour turnover in organizations. Similarly, training and development should be provided to employees in order to encourage them to stay in the organization.
Electronic Payment Systems and Shareholders' Wealth in Nigeria: A Literature Review
Obagunfin, Abosede Adeyanju, Akinyomi, Oladele John & Omokehinde, Joshua Odutola
In Nigeria’s fast-evolving digital economy, electronic payment systems (EPS) have emerged as critical drivers of banking innovation and financial inclusion. However, the actual impact of EPS on shareholders’ wealth remains a subject of empirical ambiguity and theoretical debate. This study systematically reviews extant literature on the nexus between EPS adoption and shareholders’ wealth maximization in Nigeria’s banking sector. Anchored on agency and stakeholder theories, the study aims to synthesize prevailing insights, highlight methodological gaps, and clarify under what conditions EPS enhance firm-level financial performance. Adopting a systematic literature review (SLR) approach guided by the PRISMA framework, twenty-one (21) peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed across major academic databases. Thematic analysis was conducted on key financial indicators—return on equity, earnings per share, dividend payout—as well as contextual variables such as digital infrastructure, regulatory climate, and institutional capacity.The findings indicate a complex and context-dependent relationship between EPS and shareholder value. While EPS can drive profitability and operational efficiency, factors such as implementation costs, cybersecurity risks, service unreliability, and uneven digital readiness significantly moderate outcomes. Tier-1 banks appear to benefit more from digital transformation than their smaller counterparts, owing to superior technological infrastructure and strategic alignment.The study concludes that the financial gains of EPS are not automatic but contingent on internal capabilities and external enablers. It recommends a coordinated approach involving banks, regulators, and researchers to optimize EPS deployment. These findings offer practical insights for policy, strategy, and future empirical inquiry in digital finance.
Evaluating the Sustainability Development of Private Tertiary Education Institutes
1 Wilfred Sarath Eranga Perera; 1, 2 Asanka D. Dharmawansa; 3 R. A. M. Madhuwanthi
This study aims to evaluate the Sustainable Development of Private Tertiary Education Institutes in Sri Lanka. This study seeks to explore and understand how these institutions contribute to sustainability through their practice with environment & climate, teaching & research, people & society and administration & governance using the UNEP's Sustainable University Framework. With the quantitative analysis, the study provides a sound understanding of identifying and evaluating the current Sustainable Development of Private Tertiary Education Institutes in Sri Lanka. The results of this study guide the Private Tertiary Education Institutes in Sri Lanka in driving and incorporating Sustainable Development into action. It also highlights the importance of a sustainability leader in driving sustainability into everyday practice, and with an adapted Sustainable University Framework for the Private Tertiary Education Institutes in Sri Lanka.
Social Activities Payoffs: Determining Community Development and Business Sustainability via PLS-SEM
1 Getinet Fentahun Salilew & 2 Dr. N. Kishore Babu
Guided by stakeholder and sustainability theories, the study aimed to explore how socially oriented CSR practices influence community welfare and sustainable business performance. An explanatory research design with a quantitative approach was employed. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to employees and local community residents, selected via stratified random and purposive sampling, respectively. A total of 351 valid responses were analysed using Smart PLS 4.1.1.5, applying the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling technique. The measurement model showed high reliability and validity, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.70 to 0.97. Structural model analysis indicated that CSRSO positively influences community development (β = 0.601, p < 0.001) and business sustainability (β = 0.158, p = 0.001). Community development also had a strong positive effect on business sustainability (β = 0.636, p < 0.001), while the indirect impact of CSRSO on BS through CD (β = 0.383, p < 0.001) confirmed a partial mediation effect. The R² values of 0.362 for CD and 0.550 for BS indicated moderate explanatory power of the model. The findings demonstrate that socially responsible firms enhance community well-being, which in turn fosters organizational sustainability through improved trust, legitimacy, and stakeholder engagement. The study concludes that community development acts as a strategic pathway linking CSR orientation to sustainable business outcomes. Theoretically, the results contribute to stakeholder and shared value theories by validating the mediating role of community development in the CSR-sustainability nexus. Practically, the study underscores the need for Ethiopian industrial firms to integrate CSR-driven community initiatives into their sustainability strategies.
Does Methanol Extract of Dialium guineense Protect against Gastro-enteric Ulcer in Albino Wistar Rats?
Chime Chukwudi Samuel1 and Abonyi Obiora Emmanuel2
The shortcomings of synthetic drugs are probably going to be more obvious in near future. The study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic properties of D. guineense with the view to having a good and desirable agent in tackling gastro-enteritis. Twenty four rats were randomly distributed into six groups as follows. Group 1: Normal control, Group 2 Induction only, Group 3 Treatment with 20mg/kg bw omeprazole + induction, Groups 4-6: Treatment (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw respectively of crude methanol extract of Dialium guineense) + Induction. The study lasted for 15 days. Induction was done after two weeks of administration using indomethacin 40mg/kg bw. Eight hours after the induction the rats were sacrificed and the stomach and duodenum were harvested. The phytochemical result showed the presence of reducing sugar, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, among others in various quantities. The in vitro antioxidant activity suggested that the crude methanol extract had inhibitory activity against DPPH., NO. and TBARS. The results of the phase’s one and two median lethal dose showed neither deaths nor signs of acute toxicity. The results of the mean ulcer indices and percentage ulceration demonstrated that treatment groups were significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to induction only. The result of percentage inhibition showed that 200gmg/kgbw had the highest ulcer inhibitory activity with 91.74%. There was significant increase in antioxidant activity of treated groups compared to induction. The mechanism of action showed reduction in acidity by the sample. Histology result revealed that the sample has anti-ulcerogenic activity by cytoprotective potency.
Innovations of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices Friendliness' for Female- Headed Households in West Belesa District, North Western Ethiopia
1Tigist Petros,2Menberu Teshome,3Kibrom Adino
Climate change threatens the disadvantaged female- headed household farmers in accessing inputs and agricultural services. In order to tackle these problems there is a need to promote gender sensitive Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA, hereafter) practices as a means of increasing the resilience of smallholder female -headed households.This paper analyzed which ones of CSA practices were prioritized and chosen by Female headed households and are gender friendly. 200 smallholder female- headed farm households from six kebeles in West Belesa district were selected to collect relevant data. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative primary data and focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used for the triangulation. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and frequencies were used to summarize the data. The data collected through questioner was organized and analyzed by using SPSS (version 25).The study revealed that, the most preferred practices by female- headed household farmers were crop rotation (85.5%) ,use of organic fertilizer(83%), construction of terraces (83.5%),alley cropping (70.5%),poultry farming(69%),and the use of improved crop varieties (58%).Development policies and program interventions designed to enhance agricultural productivity for female headed households must consider the familiarity of the activities mainly preferred by women themselves .In order to support income generation, access to savings and loans, institutions engaged in climate change adaptation and mitigation will need to prioritize the needs of female headed farm households towards CSA practices. Additional research is required to understand how gender roles influence how men and women interact with CSA.
Empowerment or Inequality? A Feminist Political Economy Analysis of Women's Work in the AI-Driven Gig Economy
Dr. Hala Hattab; Dr. Hanen Charni
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into gig economy platforms has reshaped labor markets globally, offering new opportunities while deepening existing inequalities. This study explores how AI-enabled gig work influences women’s economic empowerment through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2024. Guided by feminist political economy, this research examines how algorithmic systems and platform design interact with structural gender disparities. The thematic analysis revealed five key patterns: economic flexibility and empowerment, algorithmic bias, wage inequality, job precarity, and digital marginalization. While gig platforms create pathways for income and autonomy, especially in contexts where women face barriers to formal employment, many also reinforce existing inequalities through algorithms, insecure labor conditions, and technological exclusion. This research highlights the urgent need for gender-responsive governance as platform economies and AI systems continue to shape the future of work.
Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise on Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women
1 Dr. Bujji Karre, 2 Dr. Konakanchi Suresh
Aims: The study aimed to record the effects of short term Isometric handgrip exercise training on blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Settings and Design: This community based observational study was done among labour workers, The sample size was calculated using an online software tool, with a confidence interval of 95%, leaving a margin of 5% error, amongst 80 participants. Subjects and methods: Participants were divided into two groups, each comprising of 40 individuals: Group 1 (Control subjects): 40 healthy adult women aged between 20 to 30 years. Group 2(study subjects): 40 postmenopausal women aged between 45 to 65 years. Isometric handgrip exercises were performed for three minutes per day at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction, over a nine days period within a three-week test phase. The effects of short-term isometric handgrip training on blood pressure were recorded at the end of the first, second, and third weeks. Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before the intervention began, and all parameters were recorded immediately after the isometric handgrip training. The results were compared between the two groups using statistical analysis, Results: Significant changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at rest, before exercise, and after exercise were observed during the first and third weeks of isometric handgrip (IHG) training in both the control and study subjects. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest, before exercise, and after exercise also showed a significant reduction when compared the first and third weeks of training following IHG exercise. Conclusion: The result indicates a decrease in blood pressure with statistically significant p-values of SBP -0.04, DBP- 0.03, and PP (pulse pressure)- 0.00 at the end of the third week. As many women are obese and also present with cardiovascular conditions during their post-menopausal period a correction can be brought about by mainly healthy life style modification and introducing minimal exercise in their daily physical activities.
Integration of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Solar Energy Sector with Sustainable Development Goals for Community Development, Environmental Protection, and Market Competitiveness
1 Dr. Kiran Sawant; 2 Dr. Atul Pise; 3 Mr. Abdul Muhammed Nafea
This research investigates the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a strategic tool for sustainability in the solar energy sector, with a specific focus on its integration with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in India. The study examines the impact of CSR initiatives on community development, environmental protection, and market competitiveness, and assesses the overall satisfaction of beneficiaries in the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, and Rajasthan. Data were collected using convenience sampling from individuals directly impacted by the CSR activities of solar energy companies. The analysis was conducted using Smart PLS 4.0, revealing that CSR programs focused on environmental protection, community development, and market competitiveness significantly influence the overall satisfaction and well-being of beneficiaries. The findings suggest that CSR initiatives in the solar sector not only contribute to sustainable development but also strengthen the market position of firms by addressing key social and environmental challenges. This research provides a valuable framework for other industries looking to align CSR activities with business growth and sustainability goals.
The Association between Anthropometry, Physical, and Technical Skills and the Relative Age Effect on Gondar City Soccer Players Development Program
Ephrem Tamrat Desalegn
The purpose of this study was to assess how young Gondar city soccer players' anthropometry, physical attributes, and technical performances were affected by their relative age. Cross-sectional research design was employed for this study. In the current study, 150 Under-17 and 90 Under-15years’ players participated. These were further classified into quartiles based on the year of birth. Measurements of technical skills, physical fitness, and anthropometric dimensions were taken. The results showed that 68.5% of soccer players were born in the first half of the year (X2= 9.012, p = 0.0432). Similarly, in both categories, no discernible variations were found in anthropometry, physical performance, or technical proficiency. According to these findings, there should be a greater percentage of young Gondar citysoccer players who were born in the first few months of the year, but from an anthropometric, physical, and technical standpoint, RAE does not always imply an advantage.
Economic Growth, Urbanization and CO? Emissions in Nigeria: Evidence from the Environmental Kuznets Curve
1&2 Suleman Lawal Gambo & 1 Nor Asmat Ismail
This study examines the relationship between economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, FDI, energy consumption, and CO? emissions in Nigeria from 1971 to 2020. The study confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Nigeria, demonstrating a substantial positive correlation between GDP per capita and CO? emissions using robust econometric methods. Increasing GDP per capita by 1% results in a 0.597% increase in emissions, where as urbanization contributes an additional 1.39%. Similarly, trade openness and FDI increase emissions by 0.676% and 0.356%. The most significant impact is energy use, which decreases environmental quality by 4.72% every 1%. Domestic capital movements had no substantial effect on emissions, prompting additional research. Short- and long-run estimates corroborate the EKC hypothesis, especially in the transport sector, where income growth first increases emissions but later favors cleaner technologies. Renewable energy, efficient urban design, and sustainable industrial practices are crucial for striking a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability.
Market Linkage Strategy for Improving the Performance of Ethiopian Smallholder Farmers' Wheat Production: A Qualitative Study on Bale Zone Smallholder Farmers, Oromia Region
1 Kasim Kelil Jarso, 2 Thanika Juwaheer & 3 Rajesh Sannegadu
Agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopia's economy, with smallholder farmers playing a key role in wheat production. While smallholder farmers' market participation enhances wheat productivity, inefficient market systems in the Bale Zone of Ethiopia constrain farmers' opportunities, exacerbating socioeconomic vulnerabilities and results in poor market performance. This study explores market linkage strategies to improve smallholder wheat farmers’ performance, while critically examining barriers to effective market participation. Using a qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 purposively selected farmers across five multipurpose cooperative societies. Data were analysed through a combination of thematically and content analysis using NVivo 14 version. The finding shows that three core factors influence market linkage practices: socioeconomic factors, weak stakeholder relationships, and external factors such as climate variability and crop diseases. To address these challenges, the study identified four strategic interventions: strengthening stakeholder networks, promoting supportive policy frameworks, adopting innovative marketing practices, and institutionalising cooperatives. By integrates stakeholder networking, social capital, and collective action concepts and highlights the central role of cooperatives as bridging institutions that connect farmers to markets. This research contributes theoretically an adapted understanding of market linkage strategies and practically provides a strategic roadmap for policy development of effective market linkage aimed at strengthening food security, market access, and sustainable livelihood for Ethiopian smallholder farmers.
Corporate Risk Management: Determinants of Profitability and Stability in the Banking Sector
1Baliratu Abubakar; 2 Frank Alaba Ogedengbe
With increasing interest on holistic approach to risk management in organizations, it is obvious that corporate risk management is swiftly becoming an imperative area of study. The purpose of this paper is to broaden the literature on corporate risk management by examining it’s effect on financial stability, also while controlling for financial leverage on listed commercial banks in Nigeria. The study adopts an export-facto research design where quantitative data were collected from the annual report and websites of 13 listed commercial banks over a period of 15 years which covers the span of 2010 through to 2024. In total, 198 observations was realized and utilized after following all processes of data preparation. Multivariate Regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses in this study using E views 12. The study found an insignificant in the relationship between both board size and board independence and financial stability using p-values H01(p = 0.08) and H02(p = 0.56). A significant relationship was established while examining risk committee existence H03 (p = 0.03) and financial stability and also, financial leverage - financial stability nexus H04 (p = 0.03) base on significance level of 5%. The result suggest that while board size and board independence remain essential in aligning management decisions, effective risk governance and prudent leverage management are critical in attaining financial stability. It is therefore recommended that Managers must embed risk awareness into organizational culture by promoting transparency, accountability, and futuristic risk assessment, ensuring that governance structures translate into day-to-day decision-making practices
Human Development Programmes and Performance of Nigerian Correctional Service Facilities in North Central, Nigeria
1Iduh Abah Cletus; 2Vincent A. Onodugo & 3 Helen Emiene Ikwue
The impact of correctional services is slowly being appraised not only in terms of exacting punishment on offenders, but their ability to rehabilitate, reform and reintegrate offenders back into the society after serving their jail terms. This research examined human development programmes and performance of Nigerian Correctional Service Facilities in North Central Nigeria. The specific objectives were to determine the extent to which training in skill acquisition impact inmates’ reintegration to society after jail term, assess the effect of guidance and counselling on inmates behavioural change (Reformation) and ascertain the extent to which moral instruction impact inmates’ rehabilitation. The research adopted survey design. The study's population comprises of 4702 inmates from seven (7) selected Nigerian Correctional Service facilities in North Central Nigeria. A sample size of four hundred and twenty-four (424) inmates were selected using Cochran sample size formula. Likert scale close-ended questionnaire was used for data collection, Regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The study found that Training in skill acquisition has positive significant impact on the inmates’ reintegration to society after jail term. ( = 0.751: p-value < 0.05), Guidance and counselling has positive significant impact on inmates’ behavioural change (Reformation) after jail term (= 0.605: p-value < 0.05) and there is significant relationship between moral instruction and inmates’ rehabilitation. (= 0.900: p-value < 0.05). The study recommended among others that families and friends should endeavor to always support their relatives after serving their jail term. The study concludes that human development programmes should be recognized and applied diligently to improve the performance of Nigerian Correctional Service facilities.
Health Literacy in Rural Field Practice Area of a Tertiary Health Centre in Coastal Andhra Pradesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
1 Telagareddy Divya Jyothi; 2 Bodapati N V V D Prasad
Background: Health literacy (HL) plays a vital role in determining health outcomes by enabling individuals to access, comprehend, assess, and utilize health information for making informed choices. Low HL is linked to poor disease management, non-adherence to medical advice, and health inequalities, especially in underserved communities. Despite its significance, there is a scarcity of data on HL levels and determinants in rural Indian settings. This study aimed to evaluate functional, communicative, and critical HL among the general adult population in a rural field practice area of a tertiary health center in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India, and to identify related socio demographic factors to guide targeted interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 114 adults (57.9% female, 42.1% male) in a randomly chosen village from the rural field practice area of Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Amalapuram. Systematic random sampling was used, surveying every fifth household. A pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire was employed to assess socio demographic profiles, health behaviors, and HL across functional (reading and understanding health information), communicative (interactions with healthcare providers), and critical (health decision-making) domains. Participants included adults over 18 years who provided informed consent, excluding those with medical education or disabilities affecting comprehension. Data were analyzed for frequencies and associations using chi-square tests, with a p-value <0.05 indicating significance. Ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained. Results: Functional HL varied, with 43.9% able to understand health information independently, while 56.1% needed help. Communicative HL revealed that 48.2% consistently shared complete information with providers, but 14.9% avoided questions due to medical jargon. Critical HL showed that 53.5% could independently track health metrics, though 47.4% were hesitant to question provider recommendations. Education was significantly linked to promoting healthy behaviors (p<0.001), but not to awareness of local health resources (p=0.744) or campaigns (p=0.378). Awareness of health promotion initiatives (p=0.034) and healthy behavior promotion (p=0.044) were associated with lower rates of communicable and chronic diseases, respectively. Conclusion: Although awareness of health resources is high, gaps in functional and communicative HL remain, particularly among less-educated individuals. Community-based interventions, such as simplified materials and communication training, are crucial to improving HL and reducing health disparities.
Economic Policy Uncertainty and Foreign Financial Inflows to Sub-Saharan African Countries (1990 to 2024)
1 Ilifu Kingsley; 2 Okoyeuzu Chinwe; 3 Lawal Faith Chidinma; 4 Anthonia Achu; 5 Ugwunta David Okelue; 6 Augustine Eloka Ajufo
Prior to this study, little was known about the relationship between foreign financial inflows and economic policy uncertainty in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 until 2024. The aim is to examine how uncertainty in economic policy affects key financial inflows such as Official Development Assistance, Balance of Payments, Foreign Portfolio Investment, crude oil revenue, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The Institutional Quality theory and the Uncertainty-Induced Investment Hesitancy framework promote the adoption of an ex-post facto and analytical research design, using panel data of 48 SSA countries. Data were collected from the World Development Indicators and www.policyuncertainty.com. Conclusions of the Panel-ARDL show that economic policy uncertainty has significant effects on ODA, with a coefficient of 1.46 and a p-value less than 0.05; BoP, with a coefficient of 1.02 and a p-value less than 0.05; and FDI, with a coefficient of 0.59 and a p-value less than 0.05. Conversely, FPI (coeff. 0.34; p>0.05) and oil revenue (coeff. 0.30; p>0.05) do not respond significantly to economic policy uncertainty. These findings show that some financial inflows are very sensitive to economic policy shocks in the target region, while others are more resistant either structurally or marginally. The study recommends ODA investment efficiency, export diversification, a better regulatory environment for FDI, and support for oil exploration as policy strategies to strengthen the economy's resilience. The contribution to literature brings together various financial inflow types under one framework to provide a more comprehensive understanding of SSA's exposure to economic policy uncertainty and offer policy considerations to shield economic stability in volatile terrains.
Sovereign Debt, Economic Growth and Financial System Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa (1990 to 2023)
1 Augustine Eloka Ajufo; 2 Okoyeuzu. R. Chinwe; 3 Lawal Faith Chidinma; 4 Emmanuel Eleje; 5 Emughedi Oghu; 6 Ilifu Kingsley
This study investigates the impact of sovereign debt, economic growth and financial system stability in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the impact of external and domestic debt. Using a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the study analyses data from 1990 to 2023 to analyse short- and long-run impacts of sovereign debt on economic growth and financial system stability. The study indicates that domestic debt has a mixed impact on growth, it recorded no significant impact on economic growth on the short run but 1% increase in domestic debt translates to a 0.107% increase in economic growth in the longer run. External debt, however, has a negative significant impact in that an extra 1% rise in external debt translates to a 0.004% marginal fall in economic growth due to debt servicing charges. In the same manner, domestic debt proves to destabilize the financial markets, lowering financial system stability by 0.172% for each additional 1% increase. In contrast, external debt stabilizes financial system stability, causing a 0.003% marginal increase in financial system, reducing the crowding out effect of excessive dependency on domestic credit. The study further finds that smart debt management practices and sound institutional quality measures can nullify these threats and enable to enhance the economic stability contributions made by sovereign debt. Robustness tests confirm the estimates' robustness in favour of supporting the need for a balanced debt accumulation policy. The findings suggest significant policy lessons for Sub-Saharan African countries that long-term financial system stability and economic resilience can only be achieved by adopting sustainable debt policies and structural economic reforms.
Organic Farming in Shivamoga District - An Analysis
1 Ashoka K. & 2 B. Jayarama Bhat
Agricultural sector plays a predominant role in the Indian economy. A huge proportion of the population in rural area depends on this sector for livelihood and employment opportunities. Agriculture helps the economy by the way of increased income of the farmers, employment and food security. To meet the increased demand for food, the farmers apply more fertilizers and pesticides in farming. As a result, fertility of the soil reduces and adversely affects the environment and human health. Organic agriculture has gained more attention as a prospective solution to the challenges of food security in India. Hence, this study aimed at an analysis of the current status of organic farming in Shivamoga district. The objective of this paper has been an analysis of the current status of organic and non-organic farming in Shivamogga district. This paper is based on primary data. The data were gathered through personal interview using Schedule administered for a total of 79 respondents randomly selected from the seven taluks of Shivamoga district (February 2025). The study found that, organic farming helps to increase agricultural production and productivity and increases the income of the farmers. But there is a lack of awareness about organic farming. Hence, Government and the NGOs should create more awareness and provide more incentives to the farmers to promote the practice of organic farming for the betterment of agriculture in future.
Web Care Quality and Customer Justice Perception of Online Stores among Youths in South East Nigeria
1 Okechukwu Nduka Duke Onyemachi; 2 Chuka Uzoma Ifediora (Ph.D); 3 Chukwuemeka Udodirim (Ph.D)
Online customer complaints and reviews have increased significantly in recent years. The majority of these complaints, particularly those directed at online stores, concern issues such as digital payment failures, hidden charges, security concerns, delivery delays, product quality, and refund policies. The widespread adoption of the internet, especially social media, has enabled customers to publicly share their dissatisfaction and unmet expectations through negative reviews. These negative online reviews can adversely affect an organization’s reputation, brand image, purchase intentions, and customer attitudes. In response, many companies have implemented online responses, a practice known as webcare, to address and mitigate the negative impact of such complaints. The evaluative dimensions, or webcare quality, used by customers to assess the effectiveness of online store responses to negative reviews are crucial. However, there is a lack of descriptive studies examining customer assessments of webcare quality among youths who have purchased phones or phone accessories in South East Nigeria. This study utilized a questionnaire to collect data and employed descriptive analysis to evaluate the opinions of 371 respondents. The findings indicate that respondents perceive online stores as providing webcare characterized by immediacy, ownership, comprehensiveness, civility, assurance, coherence, personalization, retention, and elaborateness. Based on these results, it is recommended that online stores design their webcare strategies to incorporate these dimensions, as they represent the criteria customers use to evaluate the quality of managerial responses to negative reviews.
Chemometric Evaluation of Moss (Fissidens grandifolius) as a Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution in an Urban-Industrial Environment (Asaba, Nigeria)
Stanley E. Apuyor1*; Kingsley E. Apuyor2; Emmanuel O. Okorodudu1; Andrew O. Onofuevure1; Augustine C. Okonyia1
Heavy metal pollution in urban-industrial environments poses critical risks to ecological and public health due to their persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulative potential. Mosses have been widely employed as biomonitors of atmospheric deposition because of their unique morphological and physiological features. This study evaluated the bioindicator potential of Fissidens grandifolius for assessing heavy metal contamination in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Moss samples were collected from seven sites representing traffic, industrial, and control environments. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to quantify Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Ni. Chemometric tools, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), were applied to distinguish pollution sources and classify sites based on contamination profiles. Results showed that Pb and Zn were the dominant metals, with maximum concentrations of 14.22 mg/kg and 12.65 mg/kg, respectively, particularly in industrial and high-traffic areas. PCA extracted two components explaining 76.4% of the total variance, identifying vehicular emissions, paint residues, and petroleum combustion as the primary sources of contamination. HCA grouped sampling sites into three clusters corresponding to highly polluted, moderately polluted, and control zones. The study demonstrates that moss biomonitoring, combined with chemometric evaluation, provides a low-cost, efficient, and reliable approach for environmental monitoring in developing urban-industrial regions.
Preliminary Study of the Length and Curvature of the Clavicle and their Clinical Significance
1B. Narayana Rao; 2Adabala N. V. V. Veerraju; 3P.Sitaramacharyulu
Introduction: The clavicle is a horizontal subcutaneous bone at the root of the neck with sternal and acromial ends that is often fractured. Its shaft curves with the medial two-thirds convex forward and the lateral one-third concave forward. The medial curve withstands compression, whereas the lateral curve enables a greater range of shoulder motion. Clavicle fractures occur in 2-5% of adults and 10-15% of children. Most fractures occur at the junction of the medial two-thirds and lateral one-third of the shaft. Owing to discrepancies in earlier findings and a lack of studies in Andhra Pradesh, India, we investigated clavicular anatomy with a particular focus on its curvatures in relation to intramedullary nailing by comparing the right and left clavicles. Materials and methods: A total of 100 adult clavicles (50 right-sided and 50 left-sided) of unknown age and sex were examined. Morphometric features, including the length of the clavicle, medial angle, lateral angle, and sum of the two angles, were recorded. Measurements were performed using a protractor and digital Vernier caliper. Results: The mean lengths of the clavicle observed on the right and left sides were 140.33±8.00 mm and 141.42±8.91 mm, respectively. The mean medial angles of the clavicle observed on the right and left sides were 151.39º±5.35º and 152.38º±4.74º, respectively. The mean lateral angles of the clavicle observed on the right and left sides were 142.64º±6.86º and 143.19º±7.69º, respectively. The mean sum of the two angles or total curvature of the clavicle observed on the right and left sides were 291.03º±9.36º and 292.57º±9.84º, respectively. Conclusion: This study on clavicular curvatures revealed no statistically significant differences between the right and left sides in terms of length, medial and lateral angles, and total curvature. These findings contribute to our understanding of clavicular anatomy and symmetry, which may have implications for orthopedic procedures, forensic anthropology, and biomechanics.
Regulatory Adherence and Professional Conduct in Nigeria Accounting: An Evaluation of Enforcement Mechanisms
Onyeike, Bright Chigemecha1; Okafor, Victor Chika1; Chigbo, Queendaline Ugochi2; Ereforokuma, Bethel Nte1; Nzeagwu, Emmanuel Chinonyerem1; Onuegbu, Ebere Clementina3
This study examined regulatory adherence and professional conduct in Nigeria accounting: An evaluation of the enforcement mechanisms. The main aim of this study is to: investigate the audit firms’ compliance degree with the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria registration requirements. Determine the degree of audit firms’ compliance with mandatory audit firm rotation regulation in Nigerian accounting practices. Ascertain the level to which accountants are objective in their professional accounting practices in Nigeria. Ascertain how effective regulatory enforcement is in instilling compliance and professionalism among professional accountants in Nigeria. Survey research design was used through a well-structured online questionnaire through a Google Form. A stratified and purposive sampling technique was adopted, while the Taro Yamane method was used in sample size selection. Frequency, percentages, and the Pearson Chi-Square test were used for data analysis. Findings indicated a significant compliance rate with Financial Reporting Council registration requirements by audit firms in Nigeria (Pearson chi-square p< .046).Findings also indicated a non-significant compliance level to mandatory audit firms’ rotation regulation and objectivity principles by professional Accountants in Nigeria (Pearson chi-square p<.249 and p<.561), respectively. Finally, findings indicated that Regulatory bodies’ effectiveness in enforcing full adherence among professional accountants in Nigeria is non-significant (Pearson chi-square p<.162).Hence, this study recommends regular training of professionals by FRCN to improve audit firms' compliance with registration rules by Regulatory bodies. Enhancement of monitoring and enforcement of audit firm rotation and objectivity in Nigeria. Strong penalties like license retrievals and suspensions should be strictly enforced to deter non-compliance from professional Accountants in Nigeria.
Harmonizing Eco-Efficiency and Customer Satisfaction: Investigating Sustainable Practices in WA Municipality's Hospitality Sector
Theophile Bindeoue Nasse ; Edna Adusei ; Clement Nangpiire
Purpose: This research examines the link concerning sustainable supply chain practices and customer satisfaction in the context of Wa Municipality and in the sector of hospitality. Design/Methodology/Approach: Utilizing a hypothesized model grounded on the evaluative congruity theory and survey data from 200 respondents across the hospitality industry in Wa municipal using PLS-SEM as the data analysis approach. Findings: First, the findings indicate that sustainable supply chain’s social dimension is correlated to customer satisfaction. Furthermore, sustainable supply chain’s environmental dimension is correlated to customer satisfaction. Additionally, sustainable supply chain’s economic dimension is correlated to customer satisfaction. Practical Implications: This implies that sustainable supply chain practices should deeply address customer’s core needs and expectations in the context not only to enhance customer satisfaction but also to boost business performance. Original Value: This research has adopted the evaluative congruity theory while exploring the different links concerning sustainable supply chain practices and customer satisfaction by providing insights to improve both customer satisfaction and customer retention in the hospitality industry.
Surface Characterization of Quartz Materials for Enhanced Wettability in Oily Wastewater Treatment: Insights from SEM, XRD, and Raman Spectroscopy
Nthabiseng Ramanamane & Mothibeli Pita
Quartz-basedfiltration media have garnered increasing attention for oily wastewater separation due to their natural abundance, structural stability, and inherent surface reactivity. This study investigates the effects of various surface treatment processes specifically raw, washed, and nanoparticle-coated conditions on the physicochemical properties of quartz using a comprehensive multi-technique characterization approach, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy. The results reveal significant changes in surface topography and chemical composition associated with each treatment. SEM imaging shows enhanced surface roughness following nanoparticle coating, which promotes favorable selective wettability. XRD confirms that the crystalline Si O? phase remains intact across all treatments, indicating preserved structural integrity. Raman spectroscopy further reveals shifts in vibrational modes, consistent with increased hydrophobic character post-coating. The application of a single-layer hydrophobic nanoparticle coating demonstrates optimal oil repellency without compromising the material’s framework. These findings support the potential of engineered quartz materials as cost-effective, sustainable candidates for large-scale oily wastewater filtration systems and lay a foundation for future performance enhancements.
Philosophical Contemplation of Ancient Indian Socio-Political Conviction
Anugya Mishra, Prof. Rajjan Kumar
The ancient Indian socio-political thoughts have a ‘preeminently ethical motive. It accepts some fundamental ethical principles and assumes that they ought to direct social and political organizations. The social and political thoughts become the ethics of whole society, a science of the whole duty of man in all its relations and environment. The entire compass of Indian ethics, which sought to guide the social and political institutions, is expressed by the term Dharma. Its function was to enforce the moral codes of society and to enforce justice among men. According to Indian political philosophy state and government are essential for the civilized life of man. They are essential for saving men from their own evil tendencies and for the protection of Dharma.
Evaluation of Bone Index in the Prognosis of COPD Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre
1 Dr Senapathi Lavanya; 2 Dr. Archana Andhavarapu; 3 Dr Gaddam Venkata Mohan; 4 Dr Vadde Vijaya Lakshmi; 5 Dr Lakhinena Anusha
Background: The BODE index (Body mass index, Airflow obstruction, Dyspnea, Exercise capacity) is a multidimensional score that integrates pulmonary and extrapulmonary features to predict prognosis in COPD. Its utility for predicting hospitalisation duration and short-term exacerbations needs evaluation in Indian tertiary-care populations. Aim Objective: To evaluate the BODE index as a predictor of (1) hospital stay duration, (2) COPD severity, and (3) frequency of exacerbations over 6 months in patients attending a tertiary respiratory clinic. Methods: Prospective observational study of 80 clinically stable COPD patients enrolled at GEMS Hospital, Ragolu (2021–2022). Baseline assessment included BMI, pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry (FEV?%), MMRC dyspnea grade, and two 6-minute walk tests (mean recorded). BODE score (0–10) was calculated and categorised into quartiles (0–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–10). Outcomes were hospital stay (days) and exacerbations within 6 months. Group comparisons used ANOVA and chi-square; ROC analysis evaluated predictive performance. Results: Mean age was 66.66 ± 9.56 years; 68 (85%) were male. Mean FEV?% was 63.71 ± 15.7; mean 6-MWD was 304.8 ± 64.5 m. BODE quartiles: ≤2, 27 (33.8%); 3–4, 17 (21.3%); 5–6, 15 (18.8%); 7–10, 21 (26.3%). Mean hospital stay increased across quartiles (1.46 ± 2.40 vs 7.00 ± 2.00 vs 8.07 ± 3.99 vs 12.71 ± 2.15 days; ANOVA p < 0.001). Exacerbations clustered in higher quartiles: of 59 patients with ≥1 exacerbation, 21 (35.6%) were in quartile 7–10 (chi-square p < 0.001). Key physiological parameters (6-MWD, FEV?%, post-BD FEV?%) declined significantly with increasing BODE (all p < 0.001). ROC analysis for prediction of exacerbation at 6 months showed AUC 0.883 (95% CI 0.807–0.958) for BODE (best cut-off 2.5; sensitivity 84.7%, specificity 85.7%), outperforming MMRC and comparable to FEV?%. Conclusion: In this tertiary-care cohort, the BODE index correlated strongly with COPD severity, duration of hospital stay, and short-term exacerbation risk. A BODE cut-off ≈2.5 identified patients at higher risk of exacerbation with good sensitivity and specificity. The BODE index is a practical, multidimensional prognostic tool that may aid triage and resource allocation in primary and secondary care settings.
Transforming Basic Education and Innovative Curriculum Structures for Sustainable Development in Nigeria
1 Felicia K. Oluwalola; 2 Ijeoma C. Ogbudinpka; 3 Adeyemi Ayanyemi Ayanwole; 4 Olayinka Ibitoye
Transforming basic education in Nigeria through innovative curricula is critical for fostering sustainable development. This study investigated the transformation of basic education and innovative curriculum structures for sustainable development in Nigeria. Five research questions and five hypotheses were raised and tested at the 0.05 level of significance. This study was a descriptive design of the correlation type, and the population of the study comprised 480 school heads. The sample size consisted of 217 respondents. A structured questionnaire titled "Transforming Basic Education and Innovative Curriculum Structure for Sustainable Development in Nigeria Questionnaire" (TBEICSSDQ) with a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.81 was used to collect the data for the study. The data collected were analyzed using mean, median, and standard deviation to answer research questions, while partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. The study revealed that there was a strong positive relationship between curriculum innovation and sustainability. The model explained a strong and positive link between curriculum innovation and sustainable development, reinforcing the idea that integrating modern teaching methods and sustainability-focused content into education can yield impactful results. The study concluded that innovative curriculum structures and adequate facilities are crucial for sustainable development in Nigerian basic schools. Based on these results, it is recommended that the national curriculum should be comprehensively revised to embed sustainability across disciplines. School leaders and policymakers should prioritize investment in science laboratories. Additionally, teachers and students should be actively encouraged to use library resources. Future studies can be conducted to examine innovative curriculum designs as well as innovative teaching methods in Nigerian basic schools.
Exploring the Dual Effects of Foreign Currency-denominated Debts and Liquidity Risk on the Financial Stability of Firms
Fatai Abiodun Atanda & Nurudeen Olawale Abiodun
Foreign currency-denominated debts (FCD) can be used to manage liquidity risk; they can also create significant liquidity challenges. This is because high liquidity may indicate a lack of investment opportunities. This study explores the dual (explanatory and moderating) effects of FCD and liquidity risk on financial stability. The trade-off theory provides a strong theoretical framework for the study, which uses secondary data collected from 28 listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria from 2010 to 2023. The study employs analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, inferential analysis, and econometric methods, including the generalized method of moments, to estimate the models. Results show that reliance on FCD reduces and hampers the sustainable growth rates of firms. Similarly, increased liquidity (low liquidity risk) has a significant negative impact on sustainable growth, indicating that higher liquidity risk contributes to increased financial stability. The interaction term involving FCD and liquidity suggests that increased liquidity (i.e., low liquidity risk) has a statistically significant positive effect on FCD, and vice versa, on financial stability. Additionally, liquidity has a more substantial overall net effect (although negative) on financial stability than FCD. The study concludes that effective FCD and liquidity management can either promote or hinder the financial stability of manufacturing firms and recommends minimizing FCD, especially for slow-growing firms.
Evaluating the Efficacy of the Use of Development Finance Intervention by Central Bank in Agri-Business Financing
1Prof. Kenneth Amechi, Ife; 2Prof. Sergius Nwannebuike., Udeh; 3Odo, John Onyemaechi; 4Ugwu, James Ike
This paper aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Central Bank's development finance interventions in the Nigerian economy. Its primary objectives scrutinized the accomplishments achieved through these intervention programs, pinpointed the hurdles they encounter and also highlighted the key components and methodologies used in the CBN's model for intervening in the agricultural sector. To achieve this, we adopt a dynamic and recursive model that considers two distinct sectors within the Nigerian economy. In our analysis, we specifically incorporated the effects of the CBN's interventions in the agricultural sector by considering them as expansions in the agricultural capital stock. This methodological approach allowed us to develop a deeper comprehension of the scale and implications of these interventions on the agricultural sector as a whole. The study concluded that the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been actively involved in development financing since 1964 and has steadily expanded and improved its capabilities in this field.it therefore Recommended further development by promoting collaboration with relevant actors, enhancing monitoring, evaluation and strengthening, the effectiveness of Development Finance Institutions (DFIs). The concept of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) is also encouraged to foster greater economic growth in the agricultural sector.
Evaluation of Bricks Under Eco-Friendly Perspective through MCDM Framework
Sudagani Venkata Giri Babu1; Dr. Sankranthi krishnaiah2
This research focuses on developing Fly Ash, Clay, and Carbon Black (FCCB) bricks as a sustainable construction material, aiming to reduce raw material consumption, energy use, and environmental emissions while maintaining sufficient structural and thermal performance. A robust multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework is proposed, integrating CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) and CODAS (Combinative Distance-based Assessment) methodologies to evaluate and rank FCCB brick formulations. The CRITIC method objectively determines criteria weights by analyzing variability and interdependencies, while CODAS ranks alternatives using Euclidean and Taxicab distances from the negative-ideal solution. This empirical approach, utilizing data from documented studies, industry records, and reported performance metrics, to reflect realistic material behavior and sustainability outcomes. Twenty-seven FCCB mix proportions, comprising clay, fly ash, carbon black, and cement, are assessed across seven criteria: raw material cost, water and fuel depletion, energy requirements, cement and sand demand, global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), cultural acceptance, skilled labor requirements, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, water absorption, and bulk density. This methodology ensures transparent, consistent, and data-driven prioritization of sustainable brick alternatives, providing actionable insights for material scientists, construction engineers, and policymakers to promote environmentally responsible construction practices.
The Impact of Credit Risk Management on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Nigeria
Kelvin Friday Barida Biiranee
This study investigates the impact of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks in Nigeria, using panel data from listed deposit money banks between 2008 and 2023. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) were employed as performance indicators, while credit risk (non-performing loan ratio), loan-to-total asset ratio, capital adequacy ratio, exchange rate, and interest rate served as explanatory variables. The Hausman specification tests confirmed the appropriateness of the Random Effects model. Findings from the regression analysis reveal that credit risk exerts a significant negative influence on both ROA and ROE, highlighting the detrimental effect of non-performing loans on profitability. In contrast, loan-to-total asset ratio and capital adequacy ratio exhibit positive and significant impacts, underscoring the importance of lending activities and capital buffers in enhancing financial performance. However, macroeconomic factors such as exchange rate and interest rate were found to be statistically insignificant, suggesting that internal risk management practices are more critical than external shocks in driving profitability. The study concludes that effective credit risk management and strong capitalization are vital for sustaining bank performance. It recommends strengthening loan appraisal frameworks, enhancing capital adequacy compliance, and improving risk disclosure practices to foster financial stability.
Comparison of Development Paths of Popular Literature in China and South Korea against the Background of the Rise of Online Literature
Wang Enze
Against the backdrop of the global rise of online literature, popular literature in China and South Korea—two major cultural entities in East Asia—has undergone profound transformations in its development trajectory. This study aims to conduct a systematic comparison of the development paths of popular literature in the two countries, focusing on exploring the similarities, differences, and underlying influencing factors shaped by the emergence of online literature. By adopting the methods of literature review and comparative analysis, the paper first examines how online literature has reshaped the creation, dissemination, and reception of popular literature in China and South Korea respectively. It then delves into comparative analyses of key dimensions, including the composition of creators, communication models, industrialization mechanisms, and policy support systems for popular literature. The findings of this study are expected to provide mutual references for the high-quality development of popular literature in both countries and further promote cultural exchanges and mutual learning in the field of literary and cultural industries between China and South Korea.
Study of Disease Patterns in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Co-Existing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1Dr. Archana Andhavarapu; 2Dr Gaddam Venkata Mohan; 3Dr Vadde Vijaya Lakshmi; 4Dr Lakhinena Anusha; 5Dr Senapathi Lavanya
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) frequently coexist and mutually influence disease presentation and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the burden of DM among pulmonary TB patients and to compare clinical, bacteriological, and radiological features and treatment outcomes between TB patients with and without DM. Methods: A hospital-based prospective study was conducted at GSL Medical College and General Hospital. One hundred and twenty consecutive pulmonary TB patients were enrolled: 60 with concomitant type 2 DM (study group) and 60 without DM (control group). Baseline data included demographics, symptoms, smoking history, fasting blood sugar (FBS), post-prandial blood sugar (PPBS), HbA1c, sputum AFB grading, and chest radiography (extent, cavitation, zone involvement). Patients received anti-tuberculosis treatment per RNTCP guidelines and were followed for treatment outcomes. Group comparisons used t-tests/Chi-square tests and repeated measures as appropriate; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean age was higher in the study group (51.3 ± 8.5 years) than in controls (41.4 ± 14.4 years) (t = 4.07; p = 0.001). Glycaemic markers were significantly elevated in the study group (Mean FBS 189.2 ± 69.1 vs 90.7 ± 12.8, t = 10.54, p < 0.001; Mean PPBS 292.9 ± 119.1 vs 125.9 ± 27.3, t = 10.17, p < 0.001; Mean HbA1c 7.38 ± 0.9 vs 5.0 ± 0.3, t > 15, p < 0.001). Diabetics had higher bacillary load (66.7% ≥2+ vs 38.3% in controls) and more extensive radiographic disease (86.7% vs 56.7%). Cavitary lesions were more frequent in diabetics (70.0% vs 33.3%, p < 0.001). Within the diabetic group, patients with HbA1c >7 had a higher proportion of extensive lesions (93.5% vs 79.3%). Treatment success (cured/completed) was similar between groups (study 90.0% vs control 91.7%; p = 0.261). Smoking was associated with more extensive and cavitary disease, particularly among diabetics. Conclusions: Concomitant diabetes in pulmonary TB is associated with older age, markedly worse glycaemic indices, higher sputum bacillary load and more extensive, frequently cavitary radiographic disease. Despite greater disease severity, standard RNTCP regimens achieved comparable short-term treatment success when diabetes care and adherence were ensured. Larger, age-matched and culture-based studies are needed to further evaluate long-term outcomes and drug resistance patterns.
Effect of Bank Size, Age and Growth on Profitability of Quoted Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria
B.O. Oke1, Dr. S. Ojogbo2 & I. A. Kufuyi3
This research explores the impacts of bank size, age and growth on profitability of quoted deposit money banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. DMB are crucial for allocating funds from savers to investors and managing financial risk. This study aims to determine how bank size, age and growth influence ROE. An ex-post factor research design and fixed-effect and random-effect panel estimation technique was employed to conduct the data analysis. Data were generated from the annual reports and accounts of the sampled quoted Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) from 2010 – 2023. The findings establish that the independent variables bank size and bank growth have significant positive effects on the DMBs’ profitability, while bank age have an insignificant effect on profitability represented by ROE. It was concluded that bank size and growth are positively related to profitability and bank age is negatively related to profitability. The study recommends that DMBs should prioritize expanding their size and sustaining moderate growth while ensuring operational efficiency. Age should not be considered a limiting factor, as both younger and older firms can achieve profitability with effective management and strategic agility.
A Comparative Study on the Changes in the Communication Methods of Chinese and South Korean literature in the New Media Era
Zhang Nan
With the rapid development of new media technologies such as the Internet, social media, and digital platforms, the traditional literary communication has been profoundly impacted, and the communication methods of Chinese and South Korean literature have also undergone significant transformations. This study aims to compare the changes in the communication methods of Chinese and South Korean literature in the new media era, explore their similarities and differences, and analyze the underlying reasons and practical implications. By adopting research methods such as literature review, case analysis, and comparative study, this study first combs the evolution of the traditional communication methods of Chinese and South Korean literature (e.g., print publishing, academic journals, and offline lectures). Then, it focuses on examining the new communication forms emerging in the new media context, including digital literary dissemination (e.g., online literary platforms and e-books), social media communication (e.g., literary promotion through WeChat, Weibo, Naver, and Twitter), and cross-media adaptation (e.g., adapting literary works into films, TV dramas, and animations for wider spread). The study finds that both Chinese and South Korean literature have broken the limitations of traditional communication channels in the new media era, realizing more efficient and extensive dissemination. However, there are differences in the focus of transformation: Chinese literature pays more attention to the scale expansion of online literature and the promotion of overseas communication through digital platforms, while South Korean literature emphasizes the integration of literature with the cultural industry (such as the "K-literature" promotion combined with K-dramas and K-pop) to enhance the international influence of literary works. In addition, factors such as national cultural policies, media industry ecology, and audience reading habits also lead to differences in the speed and effect of the transformation of literary communication methods between the two countries. This comparative study is of great significance for promotingexchanges and mutual learning between Chinese and South Korean literature, optimizing the communication strategies of literary works in the new media era, and providing reference for the inheritance and innovation of national literature in the context of global digitalization.
Distillery and Brewery Industry in Sikkim: A Case Study
Lhakpa D. Lepcha & Dr. Ishwarjit Singh Elangbam
Sikkim is a himalayan mountainous state and one of most prosperous state in India. Alcholic drinks and brewing is deeply embbedded in culture and an important component of socialization in the state. Due to recent life style change and rapid urbanization along with growing hospitality industry in the state comsumption pattern of alcohol drinks has been transformed a lot. The state has recieved 19 lakh tourists in 2019 before covid 19 despites small state with i.e. 6.1 lakhs population (Census of India, 2011).Brewery and distillery industry is one of the important economic sector in the state. Sikkim's breweries and distilleries have gained a good reputation in both local, national and global markets. Despite popular craft alcholic brewing in the state, first sikkim distillery came into existence in 1954 before part of Indian union which allowed in Durbar. In this paper, an attempt is made to discuss and analyze the development and contribution of brewery and distillery industry in the state and two factories have been selected for indepth study.Presently there are two brewery industries and six distillery factories in the state with total revenue collected by the State Excise Department was Rs.298 crores. The total registered shops were about 3500 and 23 distributors and sub distributors in the state in 2023.
Evaluating the Impact of Mohalla Clinics on Primary Health Care Delivery in Delhi: A Qualitative Analysis towards Viksit Bharat 2047
Sapna Kumari & Dr. Rupali Bhouradia
The "Viksit Bharat 2047" vision represents India’s ambitious goal to become a developed nation by 2047, with healthcare as a foundational pillar of this development. Within this framework, the Mohalla Clinics initiative in Delhi has emerged as a pivotal model for enhancing primary healthcare delivery, particularly for underserved urban populations. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with healthcare providers and patients, along with focus group discussions, to explore the impact of Mohalla Clinics on primary healthcare access, quality, and patient satisfaction. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data reveals that Mohalla Clinics have substantially improved healthcare accessibility for low-income and marginalized communities by offering free, community-based, and conveniently located services. Patients expressed high satisfaction, emphasizing respectful provider interactions, reduced travel time, and affordability. Additionally, the clinics have fostered women’s health empowerment by facilitating independent access to antenatal and reproductive care. Despite these successes, challenges persist, including resource constraints, workforce shortages, and limited integration with the broader health system, which may impact the sustainability and scalability of the initiative. The study highlights the need for targeted policy interventions focused on infrastructure development, workforce strengthening, and systemic integration to consolidate and expand the benefits of Mohalla Clinics. Ultimately, this research underscores the critical role of Mohalla Clinics in advancing India’s public health objectives and offers evidence-based recommendations to optimize their functioning, contributing meaningfully to the realization of the "Viksit Bharat 2047" vision.
Process and Key Considerations in Developing a New Basic Science Curriculum Framework for Disabled Learners in Junior Secondary Schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Funmi Florence Adegbola (Ph.D), Olubunmi Peter Olugbuyi & Timileyin Precious Oyewole
This study explores the process and key considerations involved in developing a new basic science curriculum framework for disabled learners in junior secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. In recognition of the unique cognitiveand processing challenges faced by these learners, the framework emphasizes pedagogical approaches that promote accessibility, engagement, and deep understanding of scientific concepts. The study adopted a descriptive research design of survey type. The sample for the study comprised 120 students in senior secondary schools in Ekiti. Data were collected with instruments titled “Disabled Students Experiences and Perspectives in learning (DSEPL), Teachers’ Teaching Styles for Effective Learning (TTSEL), Student Attitudinal Scale (SAS) and Basic Science Performance Test (BSPT). The reliability of the instruments was determined through Cronbach-Alpha, which yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.75, 0.82 and 0.79, respectively, at the 0.05 level of significance. Frequency counts and percentages were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that developing a new Basic Science curriculum framework, creating inclusive environment and the integration of adaptive learning influence the experience and perspective of the disabled students' learning.
Cashless Policy and Monetary Policy Conduct in Nigeria
Okeowo Idowu Adeniyi1; Gilbert Ifarajimi2; Nwokoma Ndubisi3; Onodingene Herbert 4
The cashless policy de-emphasised the usage of actual cash in favor of alternative payment methods like bank transfers, ATM cards, and Point-of-Sale (POS) systems. Monetary policies are major economic policies made by the Central Bank of a country to control the volume and availability of credit and money in the economy. The paper analyses the nexus between cashless policy and monetary policy conduct in Nigeria using time series data (1987-2023). Having observed that the data properties contain I(0) and I(1), the Autoregressive Distributed (ARDL) approach was used in the methodology. The findings show that a unit change in economic growth necessitated by a cashless policy brings about a 0.5% change in money supply. Nevertheless, the policy resulted to over 500% increase in the general price level. In light of the foregoing, it is suggested that robust security measures that guarantee data protection in the digital payment transaction process, with a comprehensive strategy that addresses the needs of various stakeholders, including consumers, businesses, and financial institutions, be developed, monitored, and aggregated, for a smooth transition to a cashless economy.
Estimation of Salivary Alpha-Amylase and Total Protein among Headphone and Non-Headphone Users-A Comparative Study
Dr. Swetha SR, Dr. Beeula Rajakumari, Dr. Kokila S,Dr. Adhithya B, Dr. Shamala Ravikumar, Dr. Janani I.
Background: Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is a key biomarker for stress and autonomic nervous system activity. Prolonged headphone use has been linked to physiological and psychological stress responses, particularly at high volumes. Aim: The aim of the study is to estimate salivary alpha-amylase and total protein levels among headphone users and non-headphone users. Materials andMethods: The study was conducted in the department of Oral Pathology andMicrobiology after approval from the institutional review board. A total of 60 samplescomprising 2 groups: 30 Non-headphone users - controls (Group 1) and 30 Headphone users - Test (Group 2) of age group between 20 to 30 years and gender-matched individuals were included in thestudy. Unstimulated salivaryalpha-amylase levels were analyzed using the CNPG3 (2-Chloro-4-Nitrophenyl-α-D-Maltotrioside) Method. The samples were collected in the early morning. The samples were centrifugedat 10,000 rpm and we spectrophotometrically analyzed at 540nm. Results: The independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean salivary α-amylase levels of non-headphone and headphone users were calculated for every 30 secs interval i.e. 60 secs, 90 secs, and 120 secs. For 60 secs the mean alpha-amylase levels were 1129.9IU/L for the control group and 1681.0IU/L for the test group. For 90 secs the mean alpha-amylase levels were 702.72IU/L for the control group and 1107.28U/L for the test group. For 120 secs the mean alpha-amylase levels were 510.0IU/L for the control group and 821.20U/L for the test group.Conclusion: It can be concluded that increased alpha-amylase in all three intervals on samples of headphone users when compared to non-headphone users.
Capital Structure and Firm Value: A Study of the Consumer Goods Sector in Nigeria
B.O Oke1, S.Ojogbo2 & C.N Amaefule3
This paper analyzed impact of capital structure on firm value through panel regression empirical framework. The sample population was derived from specific consumer goods enterprises quoted on NGX between 2009 and 2023. Random effects regression was carried out to assess influence of selected independent variables (long-term debt ratio, total debt to total assets ratio, equity to total assets ratio, GDP growth rate, inflation rate), along with firm size and firm age (control variables), on Tobin’s Q (dependent variable). Empirical analysis indicated that leverage ratios, firm age, and inflation adversely affected firm value, whereas equity ratio, GDP growth rate, and firm size positively influenced firm value. Findings suggest that consumer goods-oriented firms should prioritize internal financing, supporting pecking order theory, or maintain equitable balance between debt and equity, consistent with trade-off theory, rather than resorting to excessive debt financing amid high interest costs, macroeconomic instability, poor ease of doing business, inadequate infrastructure, and challenging business environments, particularly in frontier and emerging economies.
Beyond the Dichotomy: A Hybrid Model of Instructor Leadership in Ethiopian Universities
Sisay Fekadie Molla, Tesfaye Ketsela Woldyesus, Markos Tezera Taye
This study quantitatively investigated university instructor leadership styles in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, through the perceptions of 321 third-year students from ten universities. Our analysis reveals that both transformational (TFL) and transactional (TSL) leadership styles are substantially practiced, with TSL (mean = 3.73) marginally surpassing TFL (mean = 3.60). Both approaches were perceived at moderate to high levels. The observed lean towards TSL may stem from the institutional and cultural emphasis on structure, discipline, and performance-driven outcomes within Ethiopian higher education. Notably, a robust positive correlation (r = .68) exists between TSL and TFL, highlighting instructors' adaptable, situational leadership. This synergy suggests a de facto hybrid model, challenging the Western-centric view of these styles as dichotomous and offering a contextually nuanced understanding of educational leadership. These findings emphasize the crucial role of context in leadership dynamics and suggest that a consciously cultivated hybrid leadership model, integrating elements of both traditional and student-led leadership, may be most effective for enhancing academic performance and student motivation within Amhara Region's public universities and similar resource-constrained, high-power-distance cultural contexts.
Techno Strategic Competition: Great Power Rivalry and Global Security Assessing the Impacts of AI, Quantum, Bio Tech and Autonomous Systems on 21st Century Order
Kunle Olawunmi
This article examines the intersection of great power rivalry, particularly among the United States, China, and Russia—and rapid technological change, highlighting the implications for global security and human futures. It argues that emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology are reshaping global power dynamics while introducing new risks and strategic instabilities. Drawing on international relations theory, security studies, and technology foresight, the study analyzes how geopolitical competition is accelerating innovation but undermining global cooperation on critical issues like arms control and existential risk. The article concludes with a call for renewed international collaboration to ensure technological progress advances, rather than endangers, global security and equity.
Ethical Leadership in Education: Addressing Dilemmas in School Supervision and Policy Implementation of School Leaders in Baguio City
Christine S. Luyosen, Paula P. Falisong, Irene B. Utang, Cliffer C. Agaser, Glaynyz A. Arigue, & Kris Jane E. Galingan
This study investigates the ethical dilemmas faced by school leaders in Baguio City concerning school supervision and policy implementation, aiming to understand how they navigate these challenges to ensure both effectiveness and moral soundness. The research is grounded in the ethical leadership model, which emphasizes integrity, fairness, and reflective decision-making over strict adherence to rules. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study gathers quantitative data on perceptions of ethical leadership and qualitative insights from interviews to delve into specific dilemmas encountered by school principals, department heads, and supervisors in Baguio City's public and private institutions. The findings reveal that leaders frequently face complex ethical dilemmas arising from conflicts between institutional policies, personal values, and the welfare of their diverse school communities. A key finding is the tension between standardized national policies and the local cultural value of kapwa (shared identity), which influences decisions on teacher supervision, student discipline, and resource allocation. The study also establishes a strong correlation between a leader’s perceived ethicality and the success of policy implementation, noting that an ethical climate built on trust and transparency is a critical facilitator. Conversely, a lack of perceived integrity acts as a significant barrier, leading to resistance and ineffectiveness. Ultimately, the research concludes that a principal’s ethical leadership is the most influential factor in shaping a school's ethical climate, which in turn directly impacts the effectiveness of supervision and policy implementation. The study contributes a localized perspective to the global discourse on educational leadership, offering practical recommendations for enhancing professional development, fostering collaborative ethical frameworks, and strengthening the alignment between policy and practice to support educational leaders in the Cordillera Administrative Region.
Liquidity Management, Corporate Qualities and Financial Performance of Banks in Cameroon
Arzizeh Tiesieh Tapang1; Christopher Sam Ngoh2
The study examines liquidity management, corporate qualities and financial performance of banks in Cameroon. This research adopted ex-post facto research design and data collected from eighteen sampled banks in Cameroon. The collected data was analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling technique and applying SMART-PLS version 4.4. The results revealed that the total effect of liquidity management on financial performance was significant. The result also revealed that with the inclusion of the mediating variable corporate qualities, the effect of liquidity management on financial performance became insignificant. Also the relationship between liquidity management and the mediator corporate qualities was significant. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between corporate qualities and financial performance. Finally the result revealed that the indirect effect of liquidity management on financial performance through corporate qualities was found significant. The study concludes that corporate qualities are relevant for improving financial success and that the relationship between liquidity management and financial performance is thus totally mediated by corporate qualities. The study therefore, recommended that banks in Cameroon should think it reasonable to use other methods to fulfill these responsibilities, such as borrowing and discounting bills, rather than holding onto excess cash to cover unforeseen client withdrawal requests. They should also invest their excess capital in money market products on a regular basis. Customers of Cameroonian banks should have access to a forum where they may learn about the various deposit options and the terms and conditions that apply to them. Banks can predict that if customers use any of the deposits as needed, the liquidity level will be maintained.
Ease of Doing Business and Foreign Direct Investment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa
Samuel, David Adebisi1, Michael Olatunde Agbabiaka2
This study investigates the effect of Ease of Doing Business on Foreign Direct Investment both in the short- and long-run across a panel of 46 selected countries from 2005 to 2019 using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The unit root results reveal mixed stationarity levels, and the Kao cointegration test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship among key variables. The Error Correction Term is significantly negative, indicating strong adjustment toward equilibrium. Short-run results highlight trade openness as a significant driver of FDI, while institutional quality and governance factors exert influence over the long term. Robustness checks via the Random Effects model validate these findings, particularly the role of trade openness and investor protection. The study underscores the importance of structural reforms and trade liberalization in enhancing FDI inflows in developing economies.
Demystifying Student's Economic Livelihood and Happiness in Learning: Evidence from Southwestern Nigeria Tertiary Institutions
Folorunso Obayemi Temitope Obasuyi
Researchers have linked emotions to economic commodities, which explains the individual utility function in consuming goods like education. This normative behaviour generates consumers' inner satisfaction from consuming their chosen goods. Hence, this study examines the economic livelihood and gross student happiness of students in Nigeria's southwestern tertiary institutions, considering the correlation between human capital stock and economic growth. It investigates the relationship between economic livelihood, gross student happiness (GSH), and student academic achievement (SAA). A sample of 510 respondents with hierarchical data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS). Although capital expenditure had a significant negative relationship with student academic achievement (p < 0.05), contradicting the economic belief that capital investment in education contributes to growth, it significantly and positively impacted student well-being (SWB). Conversely, cumulative GSH increased SAA by 39% across the sample. Therefore, parents, guardians, and the government are encouraged to invest substantially in their children/wards' income, capital, and recurrent expenditures to promote happiness in learning.
Alcian Blue and Safranin O Stains to Reveal Mast Cells in Tissue Sections- A Short Study
1 Sastimani. P. M; 2 Shamala Ravikumar. S; 3 Kokila. S; 4 Adhithya. B; 5 Janani. I; 6 Manisha kumar. K
Aim: To evaluate and compare the staining intensity of Alcian blue – safranin O, toluidine blue and Hematoxylin & Eosin in the identification of mast cells in tissue sections. Objectives: To assess the staining effectiveness of Alcian Blue-Safranin O stain, toluidine blue, and H&E stains for identifying mast cells. To compare the efficacy ofalcian blue, toluidine blue, and H&E stains in identifying mast cells within inflammatory / pathological lesions. Methods: The sections were fixed with 50% ethanol for 5 minuteand stained with Safranin O for 1 minute, rinsed in distilled water counterstained with Alcian Blue and washed again with distilled water. Differentiation was carried out using 96% ethanol until the sections appeared pale blue, followed by treatment with 100% ethanol and then xylene for 1 minute each. Result: Staining with Alcian Blue and Safranin O effectively differentiated mast cell subtypes. Alcian Blue highlighted acidic mucopolysaccharides, while Safranin O marked heparin-rich granules. This combined approach enhanced visualization of mast cell heterogeneity and provided a reliable histochemical tool for assessing mast cell maturation in pathological specimen. Conclusion: The Alcian Blue–Safranin O staining technique provides a simple, cost-effective, and reliable method for the demonstration of mast cells. By exploiting the differential glycosaminoglycan composition of mast cell granules, this dual stain allows clear distinction between mucosal (Alcian Blue–positive) and connective tissue (Safranin O–positive) mast cells. Given its accessibility and reproducibility, Alcian Blue–Safranin O can be recommended as a valuable alternative to Toluidine Blue in routine histopathology as well as in research settings.
Reliability Test on the Extent of Marketing Mix Practices of Small and Medium Enterprises: A Pilot Study in Catbalogan City
Joseph Emil A. David
This paper aimed to identify the reliability of the instrument to be used on the primary study on the extent of marketing mix (7Ps) practices of small and medium enterprises. A quantitative methodology was employed, and data were gathered from 58 respondents from small and medium enterprises in Catbalogan City. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 31. The reliability tests for the seven constructs exhibited Cronbach’s alpha coefficients greater than 0.70, confirming the reliability of the instrument. In conclusion, the findings highlighted the instrument’s reliability in measuring the extent of marketing mix practices of small and medium enterprises, indicating its readiness in application during the primary research.
Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and Electronic Voting System: An Appraisal of the use of BVAS in 2023 General Election in Enugu State
1 Onu Richard Obiora; 2 Francisca Obiageli Ifedi; 3 Umeh Lucy Chinwe
The 2023 general elections in Nigeria marked a transformative phase in the country’s electoral system with the adoption of the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS). This technology, introduced by INEC, aimed to enhance transparency, reduce electoral fraud, and rebuild public confidence. In Enugu State, the BVAS played a crucial role in voter accreditation and result collation, representing a significant advancement over previous systems like the Smart Card Reader. Despite the promise of enhanced transparency and credibility with the introduction of the BVAS technology, concerns emerged over its functionality, particularly in the area of result transmission. Technical glitches during the uploading of polling unit results to the INEC Result Viewing Portal (IREV) raised questions about the reliability of the system and fueled skepticism among some voters and stakeholders. The study's objective is to evaluate the effects of the innovative electronic voting device, known as the INEC Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS), which was created and used for the 2023 General Elections on voter turnout and election results in Nigeria, with an emphasis on Enugu State. The BVAS technology was developed with the accompanying functionality to remove direct human control and intervention in the electoral process. It was an advancement over the Smart Card Reader technology used in prior elections. The study's theoretical frameworks were the Rational Choice Theory of Election and the Innovation Diffusion Theory. Both primary and secondary data formed the basis for the research approach. In the study, Chi square was utilized after the survey research instrument was used for the original data collection. The analysis showed that the idea of the usage of BVAS had a positive effect on public trust on the umpire and led to increase in voter turnout and perception of transparency in the accreditation/voting system, regardless the failure in the uploading functionality due to glitch. The study concludes that the use of BVAS be improved upon or at least sustained to deepen the transparency of the process, sustain confidence in the electoral process, as well as supporting efforts to address the widespread problem of voter passiveness in the Nigerian electoral system. The study's findings suggest, consequently, an extensive examination of the Electoral Act to allow for mandatory requirement of transmitting polling units (PUs) mandated uploading of polling unit (PU) results to the INEC Result Viewing platform (IREV) using BVAS thus minimizing human interference in Election Day outcome.
Integrated Model of PRMP and DFMEA for Identification & Mitigation of Technical Risks in a Hypervelocity Projectile Development
1 Prem Y Borse, 2 Nilesh Ware
This study involves application of integrated model of PRMP and DFMEA for identification and mitigation of technical risks in a hypervelocity projectile project. Literature review suggests that a new model/method is required to be developed for quick and accurate assimilation of technical risk while conduct of project risk management plan. This study therefore proposes a model for identification and mitigation of technical risks in a project by combining outputs from DFMEA into PRMP. This integrated model is applied in a hypervelocity projectile project that involves development of Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) warhead that has to achieve an impact velocity as high as 1500 m/s. As this project involves unproven and complex technology, identification of technical risks during preparation of PRMP was challenging. Conduct of DFMEA during the initial stage of the project by the same team which subsequently worked on PRMP helped in identifying technical risks promptly and accurately.
To Assess the Relationship between Anemia and Hematological Malignancies: An Observational Study
1 Dr. Mandeep Kaur; 2 Dr. Suby singh; 3 Dr. Gunveen Kaur; 4 Dr. Namita Katyal
Introduction: Anaemia is a reduction in the total erythrocyte mass in the peripheral circulation. The functional outcome of anaemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood that leads to tissue hypoxia. Aim: The main aim of this study is to investigate the types of anemia in patients with hematological malignancies. Materials & Methods: A total of 29 patients diagnosed with hematological malignancy were taken for the study. Relevant patient information were procured from the records including demographic data, complete blood count (CBC) findings at presentation, blood films, bone marrow slides. Furthermore, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, reticulocytes count Coombs test, iron status, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were also evaluated. Results: It was found that the most prevalent hematological malignancy was chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the less prevalent form was multiple myeloma. It was also observed that normocytic anemia was most common and macrocytic anemia was least. Conclusion: The present study showed that normocytic anemia was most prevalent in hematological malignancies.
School Safety Strategies as Determinant of Adminnistrative Effectiveness in Public Polytechnics, Kwara State
1 Abdulmumin Abubakar Lawal; 2 Femi Johnson Adedokun; 3 Abdulrahman Halidu; 4 Suliyat Ajoke Ogungboyega
Educational institutions are to guarantee safety of lives to the school community, it is only under this situation that teaching and learning can thrive. It was against this background the study examined school safety strategies as determinants of administrative effectiveness in public polytechnics in Kwara State, Nigeria. Descriptive research design of survey type was used for the study and sampled a total of 580 respondents comprising 290 lecturers and 290 studentsfrom selected public polytechnics. An instrument tagged “School Safety Strategies Questionnaire (SSSQ) and Administrative Effectiveness Questionnaire (AEQ) were used for data collection. Mean and Pearson product-moment correlation at the 0.05 level of significance was used for data analysis.Findings revealed the level of school safety strategies in public Polytechnics in Kwara State was low and the level of administrative effectiveness in public Polytechnics in Kwara State was low. A correlation analysis showed that none of the safety strategies individually or collectively had a statistically significant relationship with administrative effectiveness (all p-values > 0.05). This suggests that current safety practices in Kwara State polytechnics are not robust or strategic enough to influence the quality of administrative operations. From on these findings, the study suggested that polytechnic administrators and policymakers should develop a more integrated and actionable school safety framework that aligns closely with administrative objectives.
Effect of Fraudulent Transactions on the Performance of Mobile Money Operators in Nigeria
1 Fidelis Idajor Efenji & 2 Aidi Paul Aidi
This study investigates the impact of fraudulent transactions on the performance of mobile money operators in Nigeria, with specific focus on phishing and social engineering, SIM swap and identity theft, and account takeover fraud. The study targets agents of Opay and MTN MoMo in Nigeria, with a population of 933. Using the Taro Yamane formula, a sample size of 308 respondents was determined to ensure representativeness at a 95% confidence level. Employing a quantitative research design and regression analysis, the study reveals a statistically significant and positive relationship between all three fraud dimensions and organizational performance. Specifically, phishing and social engineering (β = 0.3457), SIM swap and identity theft (β = 0.1562), and account takeover fraud (β = 0.2531) were found to enhance performance. Contrary to conventional expectations, these forms of fraud appear to stimulate mobile money operators to adopt advanced identity verification systems, improve internal controls, strengthen compliance with anti-fraud regulations, and invest in technological upgradesall of which contribute to improved operational efficiency, customer trust, and system resilience. The study concludes that while fraudulent transactions pose serious risks, the proactive and regulatory-driven responses by mobile money operators in Nigeria have transformed these threats into catalysts for performance improvement. It recommends the continued enhancement of identity authentication systems, reinforcement of SIM and card security, and upgrading of anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks to ensure sustained growth and customer protection in the mobile financial services sector.
The Impact of Digital Payment System on Financial Deepening in Nigeria
1 Ndili, Stephen Ebialim; 2 Prof. (Mrs.) Onyeanu, Edith Ogoegbunam; 3 Ugwoke, Obioma Vivian
The studyevaluated the impact of digital payment system on financial deepening in Nigeria. It specifically examined the impact of automated teller machine, point-of-sale terminals, electronic cheques, web pay and mobile pay on the ratio of credit to private sector to gross domestic product in Nigeria.The research variables were examined for the period beginning from January 2009 to the end of December 2023 (a period of 15 years). The research employed ex-post facto design. Six variables used as sample size in the study were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria quarterly/annual statistical bulletin. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model was used to analyze data collected for the studyand an Error Correction Model (ECM) of ARDL was implemented, which indicated the absence of multicollinearity.The result showed a statistically significant impact of digital payment systems on the ratio of credit to private sector to gross domestic product in Nigeria. It is recommended that the Nigerian government and financial institutions should consider expanding and improving digital payment infrastructure across the country, in order to enhance the dependability and accessibility of digital payment channels, reduce transaction cost, advance access to the unbanked population, increase the speed of transfer of value, in order to further improve financial deepening through the ratio of credit to private sector to gross domestic product in Nigeria.
The Csaba Stain's Power in Distinguishing Mature and Immature Mast Cells in Oral Inflammatory Lesions
1 Mathevi Mavetha. M. U; 2 Shamala Ravikumar. S; 3 Janani. I 4 Adhithya. B; 5 Kokila. S; 6 Manisha kumar. K
Aim: To evaluate and compare the staining efficacy of Csaba stain, Toluidine blue and H&E stains in the identification of MCs. Objectives: To assess the staining effectiveness of Csaba stain, toluidine blue, and H&E stains for identifying mast cells. To evaluate the efficacy of Csaba stain in differentiating mature from immature cells. To compare the effectiveness of Csaba stain, toluidine blue, and H&E stains in identifying mast cells within inflammatory lesions. Methods: A total of 30 tissue samples from retrieved tissue blocks of patients with oral inflammatory conditions were analysed, with 10 samples stained using the Csaba stain, 10 samples using toluidine blue and other 10 samples using H&E stains to examine mast cells. The staining effectiveness of the three methods were histologically analysed to categorize and compare the staining characteristics of mast cells. Results: The application of the Csaba stain revealed clear morphological differences between mature and immature mast cells. Mature mast cells displayed reddish pink colour granules, while immature mast cells showed blue coloured granules. Analysis indicated a distinct prevalence of mature mast cells in the samples stained with the Csaba stain, highlighting its effect in identifying mast cells. Conclusion: The Csaba stain proves to be an effective method for distinguishing between mature and immature mast cells in oral inflammatory conditions. This approach enhances our understanding of mast cell’s role in inflammation and may guide future research.
Corporate Tax Saving Strategies and Financial Performance of Companies Listed in the Nigerian Exchange Group
1 Lass, Ruth; 2 Edith O. Onyeanu
This study examined corporate tax-saving strategies and the financial performance of companies listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group. The study examines the impact and relationship between tax-saving strategies and financial performance. The objectives are toascertain the effect of tax-saving strategies on return on assets, determine the impact of tax-saving strategies on earnings per share, and identify the relationship between tax-saving strategies and the current ratio of the selected quoted companies.The target population includes all companies listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group. The non-probability sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 50 companies, which was chosen based on the researcher’s judgment. The panel regression analysiswas used to test hypotheses one and two.On the contrary, the Panel Auto Regression Distribution Lag (ARDL) estimation method was employed to test hypothesis three, which examines the relationship between the variables. The findings show that the tax-saving strategies have a positive, significant, and non-significant effect on the return on assets. Tax-saving strategies have a positive/negative, non-significant impact on earnings per share, and they have a long-term and short-term relationship with the current ratio of the selected quoted companies.It is recommended thatthe sampled companies use non-tax savings as tax-saving strategies to reduce tax liabilities and optimally utilise the best option that improves return on assets.There is an urgent need for a continuous review of tax-saving strategies adopted by listed companies to ensure the effective and efficient application of these strategies, thereby enhancing the earnings per share of the sampled companies.The quoted companies should optimally utilise the best option that enhances the company’s performance.They should ensure that corporate tax saving is part of their corporate strategies, as this will improve their financial performance by reducing the tax burden.
Monetary Policy and Human Capital Development in Sellected Sub-Saharan African Countries
1 Ajibo Eucharia Ukamaka ; 2 Onwumere J.U.J; 3 Egbo O. L.P; 4 Dr. Ibe G.I; 5 Dr. Kalu E.U
The study evaluated monetary policy and human capital development in 30 chosen Sub-Saharan African nations. Annualized panel data from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the World Bank Development Indicator (WDI) from 1986 to 2022 were employed. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was used for estimation. Human capital development was the dependent variable, whereas money supply legal reserve requirement and political stability were the independent variables. The analysis's findings showed that legal reserve requirement had negative and insignificant, while money supply and political stability were positive though money supply was insignificant while political stability had significant effect on of human capital during the study period. On the other hand, these factors significantly and favorably impacted the development of human capital in the short term. To manage the complexity of a dynamic global economy, policymakers must acknowledge the interdependency of these crucial elements. Economic policy frameworks must prioritize the development of human capital. Governments and monetary authorities must implement these policies that facilitate access to high quality healthcare, education, and skill development in order to streng then the workforce and improve overall wellbeing.
Environmentalism in Ancient Jaina Samskrta Texts: An Indigenous Perspective in Acarya Amitagati's Subhasita Ratna Samdoha
1 Kriti Jain, 2 Geetha Yadav
Environmentalism is a philosophical and social movement which aims toprotect, preserve and restore nature. It propagates for a lifestyle and development pattern that minimizes the harm caused to nature due to human activities. The Jaina Literature has a plethora of literary works which deal with principles and conduct that adhere to environment conservation and sustenance of its resources. These works are not confined to any particular community but are intended for all of humankind. The current paper delves into elements of Jaina principles and conduct, whose significance and observance can meaningfully contribute to environmental conservation. This study is based on a tenth-century Sa?sk?ta text Subh??ita Ratna Samdoha,written by ?c?rya Amitagati. The paper discusses the principles of Ahi?s?, Aparigraha, and the vows of ascetics and householders prescribed in Jainism, in order to study their impact on the environment. The global hazards of mass alcohol, honey and meat consumption are addressed in the latter part of the paper which highlight the abstinence from the same in the Jaina Sa?sk?ta canon.
Sustainability Reporting Initiative and the Value of Firms Listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group
1 Rufus-Chime, Elizabeth Akunna; 2 Grace N Ofoegbu
This study examined the effect of sustainability reporting on the value of firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group. The objectives of the study are to ascertain the impact of economic, environmental, and social reporting on Tobin Q and to ascertain the long-run relationship between sustainable reporting and the enterprise value of the selected listed firms in the Nigerian Exchange Group. To achieve the objectives stated above, the study employed an ex post facto research design, and data were sourced from the annual reports of the selected firms. The non-probability sampling technique was used to select 31 firms from 2018 to 2023, and the data collected were analysed using the random effects model for hypothesis oneand the panel ARDL model for hypothesis two. The findings revealed that economic reporting has a positive and statistically significant impact on firm value. In contrast, environmental reporting has a non-significant negative effect on the Tobin Q, while social reporting has a significant negative effect on the Tobin Q at a 5% significance level. On the other hand, sustainability reporting has a positive and significant relationship with the enterprise value of the selected listed companies in the Nigerian Exchange Group for the study period. The empirical findings suggest that all dimensions, except the environmental dimension, of sustainability reporting have a significant impact on the firm value of the selected companies. Hence, the recommendations of this study are as follows: the sampled companies should integrate economic sustainability reporting into their reporting systems to harness the associated benefits in economic value added. Environmental reporting should be encouraged, and the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) should ensure that companies include and disclose environmental sustainability reports in their annual reports at the time of submission. The application of social responsibility is essential for business organisations as they integrate into international markets, as it benefits both the organisation and society, particularly in enhancing the competitiveness of companies. However, firms carrying out their social responsibilities should be conscious of value creation within the organisation, as this is essential to the shareholders.
Exploring Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Waste Source Tracking and Data Transparency in the Philippines
Ervin L. Rodriguez
The Philippines faces increasing challenges in waste management due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth. One major issue is the lack of accurate, real-time data on garbage sources, which limits the effectiveness of policies and programs. Existing waste monitoring systems are often outdated, fragmented, and poorly integrated across government units and industries. This review explores the feasibility of using blockchain technology to enhance waste source tracking and improve data transparency in the country. The study aims to analyze trends in waste generation and identify key sources, evaluate limitations in current data collection systems, and assess how blockchain can be applied to address these challenges. Methods used include documentary analysis, trend and gap analysis, and a literature review of global and local studies on blockchain in environmental management. Findings reveal that regions such as CALBARZON and Metro Manila generate the most waste, especially from industrial activities. However, critical gaps exist in how waste data is recorded, shared, and verified. Blockchain technology offers potential benefits such as data security, real-time tracking, and decentralization, which could significantly improve waste management systems. The study concludes that a blockchain-based web application is a feasible solution for improving transparency and coordination among stakeholders. It recommends piloting such systems in high-waste urban areas and integrating them into national waste reporting frameworks to support Sustainable Development Goals on sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption, and climate action.
Banks Specific Characteristics and Corporate Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria
1 Odome, Constance Ebere; 2 Dr. Emeka Emengini; 3 Dr. Anayochukwu Martha Odo
This study provides a comprehensive empirical investigation into the effects of specific bank characteristics: total deposits, loan loss provisions, board size, and retained earnings on the corporate performance of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. It aims to resolve ambiguities in existing literature and offer context-specific insights for an emerging market economy. Employing an ex-post facto research design, panel data was meticulously extracted from the annual reports and financial statements of 15 important DMBs listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) over a decade (2013–2022). The study utilized such econometric techniques as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Critically, to address identified issues of heteroskedasticity and to generate the most efficient and reliable estimates, the models were re-estimated using Generalized Least Squares (GLS) with a heteroskedastic panel structure. Corporate performance was measured by Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The GLS regression results revealed that total deposits exert a significant positive influence on both ROA and ROE, underscoring their role as a fundamental driver of profitability. Conversely, loan loss provisions have a significant negative impact on both performance metrics, highlighting the cost of poor credit quality. The study finds no statistically significant evidence that board size influences either ROA or ROE, suggesting governance quality outweighs sheer numbers. Interestingly, retained earnings have a significant negative effect on ROA but an insignificant effect on ROE, pointing to potential inefficiencies in the deployment of internal funds for asset growth, contrasted with their neutral effect on shareholder returns, possibly influenced by leverage. The findings offer strategic imperatives for Nigerian bank management: aggressively mobilize stable deposits, implement robust, technology-driven credit risk management frameworks to minimize non-performing loans, optimize board composition for effectiveness rather than size, and develop rigorous capital allocation strategies to ensure retained earnings are channeled into high-return investments. For regulators, the study reinforces the need for policies that strengthen risk-based supervision and encourage sound corporate governance practices beyond box-ticking. This paper contributes significantly to the body of knowledge by providing a contemporaneous, holistic, and methodologically robust analysis of key internal drivers of bank performance in Nigeria's unique and dynamic financial landscape. It moves beyond isolated variable examination and offers nuanced insights that are directly applicable for enhancing operational efficiency, strategic planning, and regulatory policy within the Nigerian banking sector and similar emerging economies.
Analyzing the Impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Scores on the Cost of Capital in Sub-Saharan African Manufacturing Firms
1 B.O Oke; 2 K.F.B Biiranee & 3 O.K Agbesuyi
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) practices are becoming increasingly important to the financial sustainability and ethical standing of corporations around the world. For manufacturing firms in Sub Saharan Africa, integration of ESG criteria is critical to improving financial performance and compliance with international standards. This study attempts to evaluate the impact of ESG scores on the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) in manufacturing firms across Sub-Saharan Africa for the period of 2012 to 2023. The research method involves an ex post facto design with panel regression analysis and a Hausman test that substantiates the selection of a fixed effects model because of its ability to control for unobserved heterogeneity that is consistent over time within entities. The findings show that good governance practices significantly lower the cost of capital by reducing investment risk and bringing manager actions in line with shareholder interests. On the other hand, environmental and social initiatives, initially increasing the cost of capital by the required investments and associated risks, eventually result in significant long term benefits in terms of better corporate reputation and stakeholder relationships. Moreover, the study reports that larger firms have higher WACC, suggesting that larger size can bring in complexity that raises capital costs. On the other hand, higher leverage meaning higher reliance on debt financing is associated with lower WACC thereby illustrating that debt financing is the cost effective option. The study suggests that manufacturing firms in Sub-Saharan Africa should increase ESG practices to not only comply with ethical standards but also to use these as strategic tools for financial performance optimization. In the competitive landscape of emerging markets, firms can significantly lower their cost of capital and improve overall firm value, through strengthening ESG practices.
Prevalence and Dimensions of Arcuate Foramen of Human Atlas Vertebrae and their Clinical Implications - An Anatomical Observational Study
1Adabala N. V. V. Veerraju; 2Elluri Rajendra kumar; 3Ojasvi Vemuri
Introduction: The arcuate foramen, also known as ponticulus posticus or Kimmerle's anomaly, is formed by ossification of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane over the vertebral artery. This anomaly occurs in 3–15% of the population, with a higher prevalence in females. Bony bridges are formed along the vertebral artery groove. The arcuate foramen connects the superior articular facet to the posterior arch of the atlas, forming the arcuate foramen. The third part of the vertebral artery can be compressed by the arcuate foramen during its course, potentially causing vertebrobasilar insufficiency. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the arcuate foramina in Andhra Pradesh, India, to understand vertebral artery entrapment. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 70 dry adult human atlas vertebrae, with age and sex unspecified. This study focused on examining the prevalence of the arcuate foramen located behind the lateral mass of the atlas vertebra. Measurements were taken for the arcuate foramen using a digital vernier caliper. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 21. Results: The overall prevalence of the arcuate foramen in the present study was 18.57%. The prevalence of a complete arcuate foramen was 7.14%, and that of a partial arcuate foramen was 6.43%. The mean values of the anteroposterior and superoinferior of the arcuate foramen were 6.90±0.43 mm and 5.83±0.27 mm on the right side, respectively, and 6.98±0.31 mm and 5.71±0.13 mm on the left side, respectively. Conclusion: Vertebral artery compression within the arcuate foramen can reduce blood flow during extreme head rotation. Orthopedic surgeons, neurologists, radiologists, and physicians should be familiar with arcuate foramen variations. Clinicians must consider complete arcuate foramen when symptoms indicate vertebral artery compression. Preoperative screening for arcuate foramen is recommended prior to craniovertebral junction surgery. Further research is needed to establish the clinical relevance of the arcuate foramen.
Testing the Validity of Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in the Nigerian Stock Market
1 Dr Shiro Abass & 2 Olusegun Kayode Agbesuyi
This study investigated the validity of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in the Nigerian stock market by analyzing the impact of key macroeconomic variables on stock returns. Using time-series data, we examine the influence of oil prices, exchange rates, interest rates, money supply, inflation, and GDP on stock returns over the period 2000-2023. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Bounds testing methodology are employed to assess both short-run and long-run relationships. The findings indicate that oil prices and money supply have a positive effect on stock returns, while inflation and exchange rates exhibit negative relationships. The results confirm the applicability of APT, with oil price shocks playing a critical role in influencing stock market performance, given Nigeria's oil-dependent economy. Additionally, the study highlights the significant role of macroeconomic variables in shaping stock market behavior, providing valuable insights for investors and policymakers. The study recommends economic diversification, improved monetary and fiscal policy coordination, and better exchange rate management to mitigate the adverse effects of macroeconomic instability on the stock market. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on APT in developing economies and offer practical policy recommendations for enhancing market stability.
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women in South-South Nigeria
Omowhara Believe Oghenevwarhe
Background: Every day, one million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired worldwide. STIs have anfegative impact on women's health, as they are linked to cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammation, reproductive health issues, and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among Nigerian women. Method: The study design was cross sectional analytic, carried out among sexually active women in Orhuwhorun community in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to recruit 230 women from May to June 2021. Vaginal swabs were collected by trained nurses using the flobam female collection kit with the aid of disposable speculum. Data analysis was done with SPSS v. 25.0. Result: Two hundred and thirty women of mean age 41.08 years (SD ± 8.45) were enrolled. The overall STI prevalence rate was 62.3% and presence of multiple STI was 20.2%. Of the 228 samples analyzed, 225(98.7%) were negative for neisseria gonorrhea while 3(1.3%) were positive. For chlamydia trachomatis, 219(96.1%) were negative while 9(3.9%) were positive. Over half of the samples 125(54.8%) were positive for ureaplasma spp while 103(45.2%) were negative. For mycoplasma hominis, 177(77.6%) were negative while 51(22.4%) were positive. Regarding herpes simpex virus type 2, 221(96.9%) were negative while 7(3.1%) were positive. Conclusion: STIs are among the top five disease categories for which individuals seek medical attention, and they have a significant influence on sexual and reproductive health globally. It is, therefore, very vital that promotion campaigns among women and their spouses are heightened.
"The Performance Payoff: Exploring Organizational Commitment as a Strategic Asset"
1 Asrat Asfaw Sole, 2 P. Arun Kumar
This paper examines the impact of organizational commitment on organizational performance in the banking sector, which includes three dimensions of commitment: affective, normative, and continuance. Using CB-SEM SmartPLS, the paper hypothesizes that all forms of commitment have a positive impact on performance. The results demonstrate strongly positive associations between each of the three dimensions: affective commitment (OC1 → OP: 0.712), continuance commitment (OC2 → OP: 0.762), and normative commitment (OC3 → OP: 0.741), with supporting t-statistics for these relationships. The key contribution of the study is to emphasize the importance of the dimension of emotional, moral, and practical commitment to the organization for improving effectiveness. The analysis is grounded in theoretical perspectives such as Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Meyer and Allen's Three-Component Model (TCM). Practical applications indicate that banks should promote three commitments by strategic human unity practices to elevate employee performance. It will be interesting to investigate the impact leadership and organizational culture have on commitment and outcomes of performance.
"The Profitability of Ethics: Examining the Role of CSR and Corporate Reputation in Financial Success"
1 Abayneh Asfaw Sole; 2 Dr. N. Kishore Babu
In exploring the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate reputation (CR), and corporate financial performance (CFP) in the commercial banking industry of developing economies. Using CB-SEM in SmartPLS 4, with a sample of 347 bank managers, the results further demonstrate significant positive path coefficients from CSR to CR (β = 0.782), CSR to CFP (β = 0.403), and CR to CFP (β = 0.431), supporting reputation as a mediator between CSR and CFP, and between the relationship with CFP. These results suggest that the impact of stakeholder trust and brand loyalty of CSR is more prevalent in high involvement firms (on employee-focused measures and customer and community-based CSR). This study supports the strong empirical facts that CSR is not a short-run compliance obligation but a long-term strategic investment in financial sustainability.
Political Empowerment of Women at Grassroot level: An Empirical Study of Women Sarpanchin Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Dr. Sangeeta Vijay & Aradhana Sharma
The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments of 1992 brought a revolution in India's political scenario by burning seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies. This study turns into a dynamic role of women in political processes at both national and local levels. While mandate is an important step for 33% reservation (and 50% in some states), challenges such as political tokenism, socio -economic obstacles and deep roots such as patriarchal norms still disrupt women's meaningful participation in governance. However, grassroots women are moving fast, taking leading initiatives in health, education and community development. These amendments have not only elevated women in the roles of decision making, but also underlined the important need for women's empowerment. Inthis research paper we have focused on the significant contribution of the sarpanch of women in Dehradun in Uttarakhand, as they navigate the challenges and conquer their communities. By sharing our inspirational stories, we aim to demonstrate the transformational power of women leaders in promoting social change and motivating future generations. Findings have drawn by observing in to the primary data as well as the secondary sources of data.
Implementing Neural Networks to Personalize Education: A Study of Learning Style Classification
Himel Md Sakibul Hassan Sajib1; Dr. Zuriana Abu Bakar1; Dr. Ashanira Binti Mat Deris2; Chowdhury M Rezaul Karim2
With the growing reliance on technology in education, machine learning (ML) has become an invaluable tool in enhancing personalized learning experiences. Each student possesses unique learning preferences, and effectively categorizing these preferences enables educators to develop more adaptive and engaging teaching strategies (Rasheed & Wahid, 2021; Sahni, 2023). Traditional frameworks such as the VARK model—categorizing learners into visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic types—have historically informed instructional design. However, recent research suggests that questionnaire-based identification methods, often employed in models like VARK, are not only subjective and time-consuming but also misaligned with real-world learning behaviors (Hasibuan & Aziz, 2022; Mehenaoui et al., 2022). Self-reported preferences can be inconsistent and influenced by learner perception rather than actual learning efficacy. As digital learning environments continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly critical to adopt scalable, data-driven approaches for learner profiling. Machine learning, particularly neural networks, offers a promising pathway to achieve this by analyzing patterns in user behavior and academic performance data (Al-Kahtani et al., 2024; Ji et al., 2024). This study proposes a Multi-Layer Feedforward (MLF) neural network to classify student learning preferences into four practical categories: video-based, hands-on experience, reading, and auditory learning. By training the model on a dataset collected from 150 students, the system aims to identify optimal learning modalities based on measurable input features such as demographics, performance metrics, and self-reported behaviors. The integration of artificial intelligence into learner profiling not only enhances prediction accuracy but also provides educators with actionable insights for personalized instruction (Lin et al., 2023; Wang & Luo, 2021). This research contributes to a growing body of work that leverages AI to support adaptive learning, engagement, and improved academic outcomes.
Organization Change Management and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement
Dr Belay Mengstie
The main objective of this research was to examine how employee engagements mediate the effects of organizational change management on employee’s performance at Addis Credit and Savings Institution which is government microfinance. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data using AMOS software. The study's result showed that employee performance is significantly impacted by organizational change management. Employee performance is directly impacted by employee engagement in a similar way. Through employee engagement, organizational change management has a considerable indirect impact on employee performance. Consequently, the relationship between organizational change management and employee performance is mediated by employee engagement.
Towords Effective and Sustainable Management of Rotating Machine Monitoring and Diagnosis in the Cement Plant
Linda Bouyaya1 & Rachid Chaib2
With the growing complexity of the industrial system and the rapid evolution of technologies, mastering maintenance function and assessing industrial risks have becoming strategic imperatives for safeguarding assets and ensuring operational continuity. In highly competitive environments, continuous improvement-one the fundamental principles of quality management- is essential to sustaining technological systems and enhancing their performance. This study focuses on identifying priority actions for management and control in cement plantsto prevent operational disruptions. It applies a posteriori failure analysis to determine root causes of disturbances that many lead to accidents, enabling the implementation of preventive measures and the reduction or elimination of such events. The objective is to develop and applya structured methodology to improve monitoring, diagnosis and overall maintenance performance.
"Fear Appeals in Health Product Marketing: A Secondary Content Analysis of Advertising Trends and Consumer Response"
Dr. L.B. Malusare
Fear appeals are widely utilized as a persuasive communication strategy in health product marketing, aiming to prompt consumer action by emphasizing potential risks or negative consequences. From hygiene products during pandemics to insurance plans and dietary supplements, marketers often leverage fear to create a sense of urgency and drive decision-making. This study employs a secondary content analysis of advertisements, industry reports, and scholarly literature spanning 2015 to 2024 to examine how fear-based messaging influences consumer perceptions and purchase behavior. Additionally, it evaluates the ethical dimensions and regulatory frameworks surrounding the use of fear appeals, with a particular focus on the Indian context. Findings indicate that moderate levels of fear, when paired with credible and actionable solutions, can enhance consumer engagement. However, excessive or manipulative use of fear may provoke resistance and raise ethical concerns. The study offers valuable insights for marketers, advertisers, and regulatory bodies seeking to strike a balance between persuasive effectiveness and ethical responsibility in health product advertising.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Construction of the Tehri Dam and Forced Migration
Dr Arushi Rana, Urvashi Bist
This study explores the psychological impact of forced migration resulting from the construction of the Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand, India, with a specific focus on the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among displaced populations. While the socio-economic consequences of such large-scale development projects are widely documented, their emotional and cognitive repercussions remain underexamined. Employing a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 457 displaced individuals using a purposive random sampling method. A structured questionnaire comprising 17 PTSD indicators, rated on a five-point Likert scale, assessed psychological distress across emotional, mental, and physical domains. Using Python, Structural Equation Models (SEM) and Ordinal Logistic Regression analysis have been performed, which demonstrate that emotions have a strong impact on behaviour. Statistical analyses, including the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests conducted in SPSS, revealed that nine indicators demonstrated strong statistical significance (p < 0.001), with two showing moderate associations with PTSD symptoms. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in R Studio was employed to identify latent patterns among the variables, enhancing the interpretive understanding of psychological dimensions. Spatial distribution of PTSD severity was visualized using ArcGIS, applying the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technique to map the level of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among the migrants. Findings indicate that females exhibited higher levels of PTSD compared to males. Among the factors studied, rehabilitation status, gender, and occupation showed the most significant associations with PTSD symptoms.
An Estimation of Nigeria's Population as at 2025: A Systematic Review and Case Report on Alternative Proxies for Population Estimation
Adedeji Olowe
This study employs a qualitative methodology, utilising purposive sampling to systematically review secondary data from existing literature, policy documents, and governmental reports regarding population estimation in Nigeria. Articles on population estimation in Nigeria were found by a systematic review search of general literature databases. Within the last ten years, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus literature databases were systematically searched (2015–2025). Furthermore, web-based databases and repositories for pertinent universities were manually searched. Empirical studies underscore the increasing significance of geospatial analysis, artificial intelligence, and remote sensing methodologies in enhancing the precision of population estimations, especially in regions with sparse demographic data. At the local level, estimation strategies emphasise high-resolution data gathering and frequently employ small-area estimation techniques, civil registration systems, and targeted household surveys. Although these strategies improve accuracy in urban and rural environments, they necessitate considerable financial and technical resources, rendering nationwide implementation challenging in resource-constrained contexts. Critical assessments reveal that hybrid methodologies, which amalgamate several data sources such as conventional census data, administrative records, and sophisticated computer models, produce the most dependable results. The growing use of machine learning algorithms and nighttime satellite photography has enhanced demographic modelling, facilitating real-time monitoring of population trends. These technology developments illustrate the necessity of methodological adaptability, guaranteeing that estimating models remain attuned to changing demographic, economic, and environmental circumstances. Thus, Nigeria can improve the accuracy of its population estimates, thereby augmenting its ability to govern, distribute resources, and plan sustainable development.
Evaluating the Changes in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Patients with Varying Degrees of Pseudoexfoliation
1G Bhavishya, 2Athira K, 3Chaitra MC
Background: Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is a systemic, age-related disorder primarily affecting older individuals. It is characterized by the deposition of abnormal fibrillar material known as pseudoexfoliation material (PEM), which accumulates in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly at the pupillary margin, lens surface, and zonules. In addition to ocular structures, PEM can deposit in various extraocular tissues, including the skin, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and meninges, making PEX a widespread systemic condition. Aims & Objectives: The impact of varying grades of pseudoexfoliation on the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Methodology: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 eyes diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) ,after grading patients with RNFL thickness of optic disc were analyzed with standard OCT protocol in all subjects .Results: Total 96 patients, 62 males and 34 females. The agerange of the study participants was between 40 and 80 years ,with a mean age of 65.1± 5.4years. In our study , there was association between superior, Nasal as well as Temporal quadrant retinal layer thickness and degree of pseudiexfoliation. there was significant RNFL thinning in severe PEX compared to mild and moderate PEX. Average RNFL thickness declined progressively from mild (85.4 ± 19.3 µm) to moderate (77.1 ± 16.5 µm) and severe PEX (61.7 ± 14.2 µm), with the difference being highly statistically significant (ANOVA, F = 29.36, p < 0.001), indicating greater RNFL thinning with increasing disease severity. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that PXS patients have much thinner RNFL and identifying this thinning in PXS patient’s eyes will aid in the early identification of glaucoma. Average RNFL thickness shows a progressive decline from mild to severe PEX, indicating that RNFL thinning significantly worsens with increasing disease severity. These PXS patients with RNFL thinning who do not have glaucoma should be monitored often since they are deemed to be at high risk for developing glaucoma.
Under Pressure, But Still Delivering? Examining the Limits of Moderation in Turnover - Performance Dynamics
Mbagwu, Chiaka Uzoamaka; Onodugo; Vincent Aghaegbunam; Ogba, Chimezie Sinclair
This study investigates how turnover intentions affect the self-reported performance of bank employees in Nigeria, emphasizing the moderating roles of job stress and perceived alternative job opportunities (PAJO). Based on survey data from 223 respondents at five deposit money institutions and theoretical foundations from Herzberg's two-factor theory, the study demonstrates a strong inverse relationship between performance and turnover intentions. Contrary to popular assumption, however, PAJO and job stress did not significantly weaken this connection. Findings suggest that in high-pressure, low-mobility environments common to developing economies, the mere intention to leave may suffice to undermine productivity, regardless of perceived stress levels or external job prospects. By emphasizing how structural and economic realities in emerging countries mitigate the anticipated impacts of stress and PAJO, the study questions conventional turnover-performance models. In order to maintain performance and lower attrition in unstable labor markets, proactive employee engagement tactics and customized HR interventions are necessary.
Attitudes of High school Students towards Physical Exercise
Mihretab Alemayehu1, Kesatie Legesse2, Hailay G.Beyene3, Shishay Weldeslassie1
This study examines the attitudes of high school students toward physical exercise in the Tigray Region, Ethiopia. A total of 399 students (181 boys and 218 girls) were recruited from the Tigray region’s high schools using multistage sampling technique. Attitudes were measured with Demirhan and Altay’s 24-item Likert-scale instrument (strongly disagree-strongly agree). Demographic information, including gender, place of residence, distance from home to the nearest sports facility, parents’ educational attainment, and number of siblings, was collected via a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Inferential analyses (e.g., ANOVA) indicated that attitude scores differed by fathers’ educational attainment, residence location, and distance to a sports facility (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for mothers’ educational attainment, gender, or number of siblings (p > 0.05). The overall attitude toward physical exercise was positive (mean = 92.21, SD = 14.25). The findings suggest that paternal education, residential context, and proximity to sports facilities influence students’ attitudes toward physical exercise.
Morphological and Morphometric Evaluation of Distal end of Dry Human Ulna - A Cross-sectional Study
1V. Vinila; 2Adabala N. V. V. Veerraju
Introduction: The distal end of the ulna plays an essential role in wrist articulation and the attachment of key ligaments, including the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. Its morphology and morphometry are critical in orthopaedic, reconstructive, and prosthetic applications, particularly in fracture management and joint replacement surgeries. Variations in anatomical features influence the surgical approach and implant design. A detailed evaluation of both morphological and morphometric characteristics aids in refining clinical interventions and improving functional outcomes. The present study investigated these features in adult dry ulnae, comparing the right and left sides and correlating the findings with their potential clinical implications. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 adult dry ulnae (50 right and 50 left) from the Department of Anatomy, KIMS, Amalapuram. The morphological features of the pole, seat, fovea, and styloid process were recorded. Morphometric parameters were measured using digital Vernier calipers. The data were statistically analyzed to compare the right and left sides. Results: Morphologically, semicircular poles were the most common. The styloid process was present in over 95% of specimens, with blunt tips being more common than sharp tips. Vascular foramina were frequently observed, and grooves for the extensor carpi ulnaris were nearly universal in all specimens. Morphometric analysis revealed no significant differences between the right and left sides for most parameters, except for the width of the fovea, which was significantly greater on the right side (p = 0.031). These findings indicate a general bilateral symmetry with minor variations. Conclusion: The distal ulna exhibits consistent morphology and morphometry across sides, with only the fovea width differing significantly. These insights enhance anatomical knowledge and support orthopedic and prosthetic applications, aiding precise surgical planning and reconstructive procedures.
Entrepreneurial Spirituality in an Emerging Economy: Linking Faith, Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance
1Obiageli Cosmos Njidofor, 2Maureen Iyke-Ofoedu, 3Ngozi Uchenna Okoro, 4Obiora Anthony Okechi, 5Chimezie Sinclair Ogba, 6Emmanuel Kalu Agbaeze
The study examines how spirituality influences the entrepreneurial performance of small and medium enterprises (SME) owners in South-East Nigeria, focusing on the mediating role of self-efficacy. Gleaning from the Resource-Based View and Upper Echelons Theory, the paper disaggregates spirituality into three dimensions: meaningful work, sense of community, and inner life. With a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 393 SME owners and analysed through structural equation modelling and Hayes PROCESS macro. The results indicate that meaningful work and a sense of community have significant positive effects on performance, while inner life does not. Self-efficacy significantly mediates the relationship between meaningful work and performance, but not between inner life and performance. Surprisingly, the sense of community showed a negative indirect effect through self-efficacy. The findings underscore the context-specific influence of spirituality on entrepreneurial outcomes and suggest that purpose-driven and socially embedded spiritual practices enhance SME performance in resource-constrained environments.
Comparison of Respiratory Function in Smokers and Non-Smokers after Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
1Dr Gaddam Venkata Mohan; 2Dr. Berikutti Muniraju; 3Dr Vadde Vijaya Lakshmi; 4Dr Ravella Madhuri; 5Dr Senapathi Lavanya; 6Dr Lakhinena Anusha
Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), even after successful treatment, often leaves behind structural lung damage known as post-TB sequelae. These changes can lead to chronic respiratory symptoms and long-term functional impairment. Smoking is known to further compromise lung function but its specific impact on patients with post-TB sequelae has not been fully explored. Objectives: This study aimed to compare respiratory function and exercise capacity between smokers and non-smokers who had been treated for pulmonary TB and now presented with radiological sequelae. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Great Eastern Medical School, Srikakulam. A total of 100 patients with post-TB sequelae were enrolled, divided equally into smokers and non-smokers. All participants underwent clinical evaluation, chest X-ray, spirometry, and six-minute walk test (6MWT). Spirometric patterns, lung volumes, and exercise tolerance were compared between the groups. The Smoking Index (SI) was used to classify the severity of smoking exposure. Results: The most common spirometric pattern among smokers was mixed (56%), while 38% of non-smokers had normal spirometry (p<0.001). Mean FEV? was significantly lower in smokers (1.19?±?0.46?L) compared to non-smokers (1.68?±?0.51?L). The 6MWT distance was also significantly reduced in smokers (326.45?±?34.21?m) versus non-smokers (369.47?±?30.39?m) (p=0.012). A strong negative correlation was observed between the smoking index and all functional parameters including FVC, FEV?, FEV?/FVC, PEF, and 6MWD (p<0.001). Patients with bilateral radiological lesions had significantly worse functional outcomes than those with unilateral involvement. Conclusion: Both lung function and exercise capacity were significantly compromised in smokers with post-tuberculosis sequelae compared to non-smokers. Spirometry and 6MWT serve as effective tools to assess the extent of impairment and can help guide rehabilitation strategies. These findings highlight the importance of smoking cessation in improving long-term respiratory outcomes among TB survivors.
Effect of Financial Inclusion and Financial Development on Income Inequality in Sub-Sahara African Countries
Prof B.O Oke1, Dr S. Ojogbo2 and O.K Agbesuyi3
This study investigates the dynamic relationship between financial inclusion, financial development, and income inequality in Sub-Saharan African countries. The research examines the short and long term impacts of financial inclusion in terms of accessibility, availability, and usage, on income inequality. The study applies a panel autoregressive distributed lag (PARDL) model to data from the period 2000 to 2023, and identifies key drivers of inequality reduction and their underlying mechanisms. The results show that financial development and availability of financial services significantly reduce income inequality in the long run, whereas the effects of accessibility and usage are contingent on the context. The stability of this long term equilibrium is indicated by the error correction term, which adjusts deviations at an annual rate of 83%. Reducing illiteracy and increasing availability of financial services in the short term have immediate inequality reducing effects, but sustained efforts are needed to produce broader impacts. In addition, the study shows bidirectional causality between financial inclusion measures and income inequality, suggesting that they are not independent. The results indicate that to achieve equitable economic growth in developing economies, financial access must be integrated with policies that improve financial literacy and address structural barriers.
IFRS Adoption in Nigeria NSMEs: The Effect of Institutional Pressures
Ibrahim Muhammad Tanimu1, Aliyu Binta2 & Ahmed Amina Jibrin3
This study attempts to develop a conceptual framework for assessing whether SMEs plan to implement the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The study conceptualised the link between the variables based on the literature review and the institutional theory. As a result, the analysis offered in this paper will advance knowledge of SME studies and act as a roadmap for research in other countries. Additionally, allow SME owners to gauge their intention toward the IFRS implementation so that regulators and standard-setting bodies can use this information to spot companies that are hesitant or prepared to implement IFRS for SMEs. Furthermore, failing to implement the standards will prevent international comparisons of SME financial statements for investment analysis. Data were analyzed using a sample of 313 SME owners and accountants through SPSS and Smart PLS. The results reveal that coercive and mimetic pressures significantly and positively influence SMEs’ intention to implement IFRS, while normative pressure shows no significant effect. These findings support institutional theory, emphasizing the role of regulatory requirements and peer imitation in driving IFRS, while highlighting the relatively weaker influence of professional norms among SMEs. The study offers important theoretical contributions and practical recommendations for policymakers and professional bodies to strengthen regulatory enforcement and peer learning initiatives. Limitations are acknowledged, and directions for future research are suggested, including exploring internal organizational factors and broader comparative studies across sectors and regions.
Role of Calcium in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Stress in Plants: A Review
1Shivam Sharma; 1Dhiraj Kapur; 1Sushma; 2Gagandeep Kaur
The pollution of agricultural soils caused by cadmium (Cd) has started being a topical problem because of its adverse effect on the health of plants, the yield of the crops, and, finally food safety. Cd is readily transported to the root of plants once in the soil and may build up in plants such as leaves, fruit and seeds thus finding its way into the food chain, with severe health hazards to humans and animals. Exposure to Cd disrupts seed germination, inhibitroot and shoot growth, reduce the absorption of water and nutrients, and affect the photosynthesis process. More so, it initiates harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, thus presenting oxidative stress which destroys cellular structures. Some of the techniques that have been in active research by the researchers to counter this problem are soil treatment, the use of phytoremediation, and even the use of genetically modified plants. Calcium (Ca), being one of the necessary plant nutrients, is very important in the structural integrity and the regulation of the cellular activities. More to the point, it reduces the harmfulness of Cd, enhancing zinc (Zn) absorption, supporting cell walls, and triggering the antioxidant shield system of the plant, namely the enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Ca also plays a role in signaling that enables plants to detect and react to stress, and this increases the level of resistance towards heavy metal toxicity. This review focuses on the adverse effect of Cd on the plant systems and highlights positive role of Ca in enhancing tolerance of plants and sustaining agriculture production, under the contaminated environment.
Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Bread Produced Using Blends of Wheat and Unripe Palm Nut Kernel Flours
Michael O. Odo1; Idam C. Okoh2 & Lilian C. Hyginus3
The study evaluated the nutritional quality of Bread produced using blends of wheat and unripe palm kernel flour. The breads were formulated at varying ratios: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 for wheat and unripe palm kernel flours, respectively. The breads formulated were analyzed for proximate, micronutrient, physical properties and sensory evaluation: The results revealed that protein ranged from 13:15 – 15.34 %, carbohydrate 23:08 – 49.07 % and moisture content 45.25 – 65.24 % respectively. The oven loss of the breads ranged from 13.70 – 20.00, total baking loss 15.00 – 21.00 and loaf volume 175-300. The results equally revealed that vitamin E ranged between 36.77 – 77.00mg/100g and 98.07 – 421.43 mg/100g for zinc, but were significantly different (P<0.05) within the samples. Regarding overall general acceptability, the control (100 % wheat flour) was generally preferred over those of blends; however, among the blends, sample B (90 % wheat flour: 10 % unripe palm kernel flour) was mainly preferred by the panellists. Findings from this work suggest that satisfactory Bread can be produced using blends of wheat and unripe palm kernel flours at a ratio of up to 60:40, and the blends could enhance the nutritional qualities of Bread.
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